Gene expression and cancer (A-level only)

The main characteristics of benign and malignant tumours.

The role of the following in the development of tumours:

• tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes

• abnormal methylation of tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes

• increased oestrogen concentrations in the development of some breast cancers.

Students should be able to:

• evaluate evidence showing correlations between genetic and environmental factors and various forms of cancer

• interpret information relating to the way in which an understanding of the roles of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes could be used in the prevention, treatment and cure of cancer.