pH curves, titrations and indicators (A-level only)

Titrations of acids with bases.

Students should be able to:

• perform calculations for these titrations based on experimental results.

Typical pH curves for acid–base titrations in all combinations of weak and strong monoprotic acids and bases.

Students should be able to:

• sketch and explain the shapes of typical pH curves

• use pH curves to select an appropriate indicator.

MS 3.2

AT a, c, d and k

PS 3.2 and 4.1

Students could plot pH curves to show how pH changes during reactions.

Required practical 9

Investigate how pH changes when a weak acid reacts with a strong base and when a strong acid reacts with a weak base.