Born–Haber cycles (A-level only)

Lattice enthalpy can be defined as either enthalpy of lattice dissociation or enthalpy of lattice formation.

Born–Haber cycles are used to calculate lattice enthalpies using the following data:

• enthalpy of formation

• ionisation energy

• enthalpy of atomisation

• bond enthalpy

• electron affinity.

Students should be able to:

• define each of the above terms and lattice enthalpy

• construct Born–Haber cycles to calculate lattice enthalpies using these enthalpy changes

• construct Born–Haber cycles to calculate one of the other enthalpy changes

• compare lattice enthalpies from Born–Haber cycles with those from calculations based on a perfect ionic model to provide evidence for covalent character in ionic compounds.

Cycles are used to calculate enthalpies of solution for ionic compounds from lattice enthalpies and enthalpies of hydration.

Students should be able to:

• define the term enthalpy of hydration

• perform calculations of an enthalpy change using these cycles.