Biology (Combined Science) · GCSE · AQA · AQA GCSE Combined Science: Trilogy (8464) — Biology — Foundation · Specification point · 4.1.3.1 · Cell biology · Transport in cells
4.1.3.1 Diffusion
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Substances may move into and out of cells across the cell membranes via diffusion. Diffusion is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Some of the substances transported in and out of cells by diffusion are oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange, and of the waste product urea from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney. Students should be able to explain how different factors affect the rate of diffusion. Factors which affect the rate of diffusion are:
A single-celled organism has a relatively large surface area to volume ratio. This allows sufficient transport of molecules into and out of the cell to meet the needs of the organism. | WS 1.2 Recognise, draw and interpret diagrams that model diffusion. WS 1.5 Use of isotonic drinks and high energy drinks in sport. |
Students should be able to calculate and compare surface area to volume ratios. |
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Students should be able to explain the need for exchange surfaces and a transport system in multicellular organisms in terms of surface area to volume ratio.
Students should be able to explain how the small intestine and lungs in mammals, gills in fish, and the roots and leaves in plants, are adapted for exchanging materials.
In multicellular organisms, surfaces and organ systems are specialised for exchanging materials. This is to allow sufficient molecules to be transported into and out of cells for the organism’s needs. The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased by:
MS 1c, 5c |