Motion (P2.1) | OCR GCSE Combined Science A (Gateway Science) — Physics — Higher (J250)

Summary Having looked at the nature of matter which makes up objects, we move on to consider the effects of forces. The interaction between objects leads to actions which can be seen by the observer, these actions are caused by forces between the objects in question. Some of the interactions involve contact between the objects, others involve no contact. We will also consider the importance of the direction in which forces act to allow understanding of the importance of vector quantities when trying to predict the action. Underlying knowledge and understanding From their work in Key Stage 3 Science, learners will have a basic knowledge of the mathematical relationship between speed, distance and time. They should

also be able to represent this information in a distance-time graph and have an understanding of the relative motion of objects. Common misconceptions Learners can find the concept of action at a distance challenging. They have a tendency to believe that a velocity must have a positive value and have difficulty in associating a reverse in direction with a change in sign. It is therefore important to make sure learners are knowledgeable about the vector/scalar distinction.

Reference	Mathematical learning outcomes	Maths skills
$PM2.1i$	$distance travelled (m)$

recall and apply:

distance travelled (m)

M1a, M2b, M3a, M3b, M3c, M3d, M4a, M4b, M4c, M4d, M4e

recall and apply:

\text{acceleration (m/s}^{2}\text{)}=\frac{\text{change in velocity (m/s)}}{\text{time (s)}}

M1a, M3a, M3b, M3c, M3d

apply:

(\text{final velocity (m/s)})^2-(\text{initial velocity (m/s)})^2=2\times\text{acceleration (m/s}^{2}\text{)}\times\text{distance (m)}

M1a, M3a, M3b, M3c, M3d

1 recall and apply:

\text{kinetic energy (J)}=\frac{1}{2}\times\text{mass (kg)}\times(\text{speed (m/s)})^2

M1a, M3a, M3b, M3c, M3d

Learning outcomes	To include	Maths	Working scientifically	Practical suggestions
$P2.1a describe how to measure distance and time in a range of scenarios$
$P2.1b describe how to measure distance and time and use these to calculate speed$	$from graphs$	$M4a, M4b, M4c, M4d, M4f$	$WS1.2b, WS1.2e, WS1.3a, WS1.3b, WS1.3c, WS1.3g, WS1.3h, WS1.3i, WS2a, WS2b, WS2c, WS2d$	$Calculations of the speeds of learners when they walk and run a measured distance. Investigation of trolleys on ramps at an angle and whether this affects speed. (PAG P3)$
$P2.1c make calculations using ratios and proportional reasoning to convert units and to compute rates$	$conversion from non-SI to SI units$	$M1c, M3c$
$P2.1d explain the vector-scalar distinction as it applies to displacement and distance, velocity and speed$
$P2.1e relate changes and differences in motion to appropriate distance-time, and velocity-time graphs; interpret lines and slopes$		$M4a, M4b, M4c, M4d$	$WS1.3a$	$Learners to draw displacement- time and velocity-time graphs of their journey to school. (PAG P3)$
$P2.1f Interpret enclosed areas in velocity-time graphs$		$M4a, M4b, M4c, M4d, M4f$
$P2.1g calculate average speed for non-uniform motion$		$M1a, M1c, M2b, M3c$
$P2.1h apply formulae relating distance, time and speed, for uniform motion, and for motion with uniform acceleration$		$M1a, M1c, M2b, M3c$	$WS1.2b, WS1.2e, WS1.3a, WS1.3b, WS1.3c, WS1.3g, WS1.3h, WS1.3i, WS2a, WS2b, WS2c, WS2d$	$Investigation of acceleration. (PAG P3)$

P2.1a describe how to measure distance and time in a range of scenarios

P2.1b describe how to measure distance and time and use these to calculate speed

M4a, M4b, M4c, M4d, M4f

WS1.2b, WS1.2e, WS1.3a, WS1.3b, WS1.3c, WS1.3g, WS1.3h, WS1.3i, WS2a, WS2b, WS2c, WS2d

Calculations of the speeds of learners when they walk and run a measured distance. Investigation of trolleys on ramps at an angle and whether this affects speed. (PAG P3)

P2.1c make calculations using ratios and proportional reasoning to convert units and to compute rates

conversion from non-SI to SI units

P2.1d explain the vector-scalar distinction as it applies to displacement and distance, velocity and speed

P2.1e relate changes and differences in motion to appropriate distance-time, and velocity-time graphs; interpret lines and slopes

Learners to draw displacement– time and velocity–time graphs of their journey to school. (PAG P3)

P2.1f Interpret enclosed areas in velocity-time graphs

M4a, M4b, M4c, M4d, M4f

P2.1g calculate average speed for non-uniform motion

P2.1h apply formulae relating distance, time and speed, for uniform motion, and for motion with uniform acceleration

WS1.2b, WS1.2e, WS1.3a, WS1.3b, WS1.3c, WS1.3g, WS1.3h, WS1.3i, WS2a, WS2b, WS2c, WS2d

Investigation of acceleration. (PAG P3)

Motion

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Learning Objectives