Identification of ions and gases

1 Describe tests to identify the anions: (a) carbonate, CO₃²⁻, by reaction with dilute acid and then testing for carbon dioxide gas (b) chloride, Cl⁻, bromide, Br⁻, and iodide, I⁻, by acidifying with dilute nitric acid then adding aqueous silver nitrate (c) nitrate, NO₃⁻, reduction with aluminium foil and aqueous sodium hydroxide and then testing for ammonia gas (d) sulfate, SO₄²⁻, by acidifying with dilute nitric acid and then adding aqueous barium nitrate (e) sulfite, SO₃²⁻, by reaction with acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)

2 Describe tests using aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia to identify the aqueous cations: (a) aluminium, Al³⁺ (b) ammonium, NH₄⁺ (c) calcium, Ca²⁺ (d) chromium(III), Cr³⁺ (e) copper(II), Cu²⁺ (f) iron(II), Fe²⁺ (g) iron(III), Fe³⁺ (h) zinc, Zn²⁺

3 Describe tests to identify the gases: (a) ammonia, NH₃, using damp red litmus paper (b) carbon dioxide, CO₂, using limewater (c) chlorine, Cl₂, using damp litmus paper (d) hydrogen, H₂, using a lighted splint (e) oxygen, O₂, using a glowing splint (f) sulfur dioxide, SO₂, using acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)