Conduction Flashcards – Cambridge IGCSE (9–1) Physics 0972 (Extended) (2026–2028)

What is a thermal conductor?

A material that transfers energy readily between regions at different temperatures.

What is a thermal insulator?

A poor thermal conductor that reduces the rate of energy transfer by conduction.

How can rods be used to compare the thermal conductivity of different materials?

Heat one end of each rod and compare how quickly the other regions warm.

How can wax and pins indicate the rate of energy transfer along heated rods?

Attach pins with wax at equal distances from the heated ends. Faster wax melting and pin falling indicate faster energy transfer under comparable conditions.

How can containers of hot water be used to compare insulating materials?

Wrap identical containers in different materials and measure the temperature change of the same volume of hot water over a fixed time.

In a hot-water container test, what temperature change indicates better insulation?

A smaller temperature decrease, under the test conditions.

Why does a hot-water container test not measure only the reduction in conduction?

It compares the overall reduction in heat loss, which can involve transfer processes as well as conduction.

What conditions should be kept the same in a fair comparison of thermal conductors or insulators?

Relevant dimensions or insulation thickness, starting temperatures, heating or cooling time, and surroundings.