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Notes/GCSE/Biology (Separate Science)/Edexcel/Higher

Syllabus

Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9–1) in Biology (1BI0) (Higher)

    • •Sub-cellular structures1.1
    • •Cell specialisation1.2
    • •Microscopy and cell structure1.3
    • •Number, size and scale1.4
    • •Units and standard form1.5
    • •Microscopy practical1.6
    • •Enzyme action1.7
    • •Enzyme denaturation1.8
    • •Factors affecting enzyme activity1.9
    • •Enzyme activity and pH practical1.10
    • •Enzyme rate calculations1.11
    • •Enzymes in digestion and synthesis1.12
    • •Food tests practical1.13B
    • •Food calorimetry1.14B
    • •Transport across cell membranes1.15
    • •Osmosis practical1.16
    • •Osmosis percentage change calculations1.17
    • •Cell cycle and mitosis2.1
    • •Functions of mitosis2.2
    • •Products of mitosis2.3
    • •Cancer2.4
    • •Growth in animals and plants2.5
    • •Cell differentiation2.6
    • •Percentile growth charts2.7
    • •Stem cells and meristems2.8
    • •Stem cells in medicine2.9
    • •Brain structure and function2.10B
    • •Brain imaging: CT and PET2.11B
    • •Limitations in treating nervous system damage2.12B
    • •Structure of neurones and synapses2.13
    • •Reflex arcs2.14
    • •Structure and function of the eye2.15B
    • •Eye defects2.16B
    • •Correcting eye defects2.17B
    • •Asexual reproduction advantages and disadvantages3.1B
    • •Sexual reproduction advantages and disadvantages3.2B
    • •Meiosis3.3
    • •DNA structure3.4
    • •Genome and genes3.5
    • •DNA extraction practical3.6
    • •DNA and protein structure3.7B
    • •Protein synthesis3.8B
    • •Non-coding DNA and gene expression3.9B
    • •Coding DNA and protein function3.10B
    • •Mendel's work on inheritance3.11B
    • •Alleles and inherited variation3.12
    • •Key genetics terms3.13
    • •Monohybrid inheritance3.14
    • •Sex determination3.15
    • •Monohybrid inheritance calculations3.16
    • •ABO blood groups and codominance3.17B
    • •Sex-linked disorders3.18B
    • •Polygenic inheritance3.19
    • •Causes of variation3.20
    • •Human Genome Project3.21
    • •Genetic variation in populations3.22
    • •Effects of genetic mutations on phenotype3.23
    • •Darwin and Wallace's work on evolution4.1B
    • •Evolution by natural selection4.2
    • •Antibiotic resistance and natural selection4.3
    • •Fossil evidence for human evolution4.4
    • •Stone tools and human evolution4.5
    • •Pentadactyl limb and evolution4.6B
    • •Three domains classification4.7
    • •Selective breeding4.8
    • •Tissue culture4.9B
    • •Genetic engineering4.10
    • •Genetic engineering techniques4.11
    • •Genetically modified crops4.12B
    • •Fertilisers and biological control4.13B
    • •Benefits and risks of genetic engineering and selective breeding4.14
    • •Definition of health5.1
    • •Communicable and non-communicable diseases5.2
    • •Disease interactions and susceptibility5.3
    • •Pathogens5.4
    • •Common infections5.5
    • •Transmission and prevention of disease5.6
    • •Viral life cycle5.7B
    • •Sexually transmitted infections5.8
    • •Plant physical defences5.9B
    • •Plant chemical defences5.10B
    • •Diagnosing plant diseases5.11B
    • •Human physical and chemical defences5.12
    • •Specific immune response5.13
    • •Immunisation5.14
    • •Immunisation advantages and disadvantages5.15B
    • •Antibiotics and bacterial infections5.16
    • •Aseptic technique in microbiology5.17B
    • •Antiseptics and antibiotics practical5.18B
    • •Bacterial culture area calculations5.19B
    • •Drug development stages5.20
    • •Production of monoclonal antibodies5.21B
    • •Uses of monoclonal antibodies5.22B
    • •Causes of non-communicable diseases5.23
    • •Lifestyle factors and non-communicable disease5.24
    • •Treatments for cardiovascular disease5.25
    • •Photosynthetic organisms and biomass6.1
    • •Photosynthesis reaction6.2
    • •Limiting factors of photosynthesis6.3
    • •Interactions of limiting factors in photosynthesis6.4
    • •Photosynthesis light intensity practical6.5
    • •Inverse square law and photosynthesis6.6
    • •Root hair cell adaptations6.7
    • •Xylem and phloem adaptations6.8
    • •Transpiration6.9
    • •Translocation6.10
    • •Leaf adaptations for photosynthesis and gas exchange6.11B
    • •Environmental factors and water uptake6.12
    • •Transpiration rate calculations6.13
    • •Plant adaptations to extreme environments6.14B
    • •Plant hormones and tropisms6.15B
    • •Commercial uses of plant hormones6.16B
    • •Endocrine glands and hormones7.1
    • •Adrenaline and fight or flight7.2
    • •Thyroxine and negative feedback7.3
    • •Menstrual cycle stages7.4
    • •Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle7.5
    • •Hormonal contraception7.6
    • •Contraceptive methods7.7
    • •Hormones in assisted reproduction7.8
    • •Homeostasis7.9
    • •Thermoregulation and osmoregulation7.10B
    • •Thermoregulation and the skin7.11B
    • •Mechanisms of thermoregulation7.12B
    • •Insulin and blood glucose control7.13
    • •Glucagon and blood glucose control7.14
    • •Type 1 diabetes7.15
    • •Type 2 diabetes7.16
    • •Obesity and type 2 diabetes7.17
    • •Urinary system structure7.18B
    • •Nephron structure and function7.19B
    • •ADH and water balance7.20B
    • •Treatments for kidney failure7.21B
    • •Urea formation in the liver7.22B
    • •Transport of substances in organisms8.1
    • •Exchange surfaces and transport systems8.2
    • •Alveoli adaptations for gas exchange8.3
    • •Factors affecting diffusion8.4B
    • •Diffusion rate calculations8.5B
    • •Blood components and functions8.6
    • •Blood vessel structure and function8.7
    • •Heart and circulatory system8.8
    • •Cellular respiration8.9
    • •Aerobic and anaerobic respiration8.10
    • •Respiration rate practical8.11
    • •Cardiac output calculations8.12
    • •Levels of organisation in ecosystems9.1
    • •Abiotic and biotic factors9.2
    • •Interdependence in communities9.3
    • •Parasitism and mutualism9.4
    • •Fieldwork techniques practical9.5
    • •Estimating population size9.6
    • •Energy transfer in food chains9.7B
    • •Energy transfer and biomass calculations9.8B
    • •Human impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity9.9
    • •Importance of biodiversity and conservation9.10
    • •Biological factors affecting food security9.11B
    • •Cycling of materials in ecosystems9.12
    • •The carbon cycle9.13
    • •The water cycle and potable water9.14
    • •The nitrogen cycle and fertilisers9.15
    • •Indicator species and pollution9.16B
    • •Factors affecting decomposition in food preservation9.17B
    • •Factors affecting decomposition in composting9.18B
    • •Decay rate calculations9.19B

Syllabus

Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9–1) in Biology (1BI0) (Higher)

    • •Sub-cellular structures1.1
    • •Cell specialisation1.2
    • •Microscopy and cell structure1.3
    • •Number, size and scale1.4
    • •Units and standard form1.5
    • •Microscopy practical1.6
    • •Enzyme action1.7
    • •Enzyme denaturation1.8
    • •Factors affecting enzyme activity1.9
    • •Enzyme activity and pH practical1.10
    • •Enzyme rate calculations1.11
    • •Enzymes in digestion and synthesis1.12
    • •Food tests practical1.13B
    • •Food calorimetry1.14B
    • •Transport across cell membranes1.15
    • •Osmosis practical1.16
    • •Osmosis percentage change calculations1.17
    • •Cell cycle and mitosis2.1
    • •Functions of mitosis2.2
    • •Products of mitosis2.3
    • •Cancer2.4
    • •Growth in animals and plants2.5
    • •Cell differentiation2.6
    • •Percentile growth charts2.7
    • •Stem cells and meristems2.8
    • •Stem cells in medicine2.9
    • •Brain structure and function2.10B
    • •Brain imaging: CT and PET2.11B
    • •Limitations in treating nervous system damage2.12B
    • •Structure of neurones and synapses2.13
    • •Reflex arcs2.14
    • •Structure and function of the eye2.15B
    • •Eye defects2.16B
    • •Correcting eye defects2.17B
    • •Asexual reproduction advantages and disadvantages3.1B
    • •Sexual reproduction advantages and disadvantages3.2B
    • •Meiosis3.3
    • •DNA structure3.4
    • •Genome and genes3.5
    • •DNA extraction practical3.6
    • •DNA and protein structure3.7B
    • •Protein synthesis3.8B
    • •Non-coding DNA and gene expression3.9B
    • •Coding DNA and protein function3.10B
    • •Mendel's work on inheritance3.11B
    • •Alleles and inherited variation3.12
    • •Key genetics terms3.13
    • •Monohybrid inheritance3.14
    • •Sex determination3.15
    • •Monohybrid inheritance calculations3.16
    • •ABO blood groups and codominance3.17B
    • •Sex-linked disorders3.18B
    • •Polygenic inheritance3.19
    • •Causes of variation3.20
    • •Human Genome Project3.21
    • •Genetic variation in populations3.22
    • •Effects of genetic mutations on phenotype3.23
    • •Darwin and Wallace's work on evolution4.1B
    • •Evolution by natural selection4.2
    • •Antibiotic resistance and natural selection4.3
    • •Fossil evidence for human evolution4.4
    • •Stone tools and human evolution4.5
    • •Pentadactyl limb and evolution4.6B
    • •Three domains classification4.7
    • •Selective breeding4.8
    • •Tissue culture4.9B
    • •Genetic engineering4.10
    • •Genetic engineering techniques4.11
    • •Genetically modified crops4.12B
    • •Fertilisers and biological control4.13B
    • •Benefits and risks of genetic engineering and selective breeding4.14
    • •Definition of health5.1
    • •Communicable and non-communicable diseases5.2
    • •Disease interactions and susceptibility5.3
    • •Pathogens5.4
    • •Common infections5.5
    • •Transmission and prevention of disease5.6
    • •Viral life cycle5.7B
    • •Sexually transmitted infections5.8
    • •Plant physical defences5.9B
    • •Plant chemical defences5.10B
    • •Diagnosing plant diseases5.11B
    • •Human physical and chemical defences5.12
    • •Specific immune response5.13
    • •Immunisation5.14
    • •Immunisation advantages and disadvantages5.15B
    • •Antibiotics and bacterial infections5.16
    • •Aseptic technique in microbiology5.17B
    • •Antiseptics and antibiotics practical5.18B
    • •Bacterial culture area calculations5.19B
    • •Drug development stages5.20
    • •Production of monoclonal antibodies5.21B
    • •Uses of monoclonal antibodies5.22B
    • •Causes of non-communicable diseases5.23
    • •Lifestyle factors and non-communicable disease5.24
    • •Treatments for cardiovascular disease5.25
    • •Photosynthetic organisms and biomass6.1
    • •Photosynthesis reaction6.2
    • •Limiting factors of photosynthesis6.3
    • •Interactions of limiting factors in photosynthesis6.4
    • •Photosynthesis light intensity practical6.5
    • •Inverse square law and photosynthesis6.6
    • •Root hair cell adaptations6.7
    • •Xylem and phloem adaptations6.8
    • •Transpiration6.9
    • •Translocation6.10
    • •Leaf adaptations for photosynthesis and gas exchange6.11B
    • •Environmental factors and water uptake6.12
    • •Transpiration rate calculations6.13
    • •Plant adaptations to extreme environments6.14B
    • •Plant hormones and tropisms6.15B
    • •Commercial uses of plant hormones6.16B
    • •Endocrine glands and hormones7.1
    • •Adrenaline and fight or flight7.2
    • •Thyroxine and negative feedback7.3
    • •Menstrual cycle stages7.4
    • •Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle7.5
    • •Hormonal contraception7.6
    • •Contraceptive methods7.7
    • •Hormones in assisted reproduction7.8
    • •Homeostasis7.9
    • •Thermoregulation and osmoregulation7.10B
    • •Thermoregulation and the skin7.11B
    • •Mechanisms of thermoregulation7.12B
    • •Insulin and blood glucose control7.13
    • •Glucagon and blood glucose control7.14
    • •Type 1 diabetes7.15
    • •Type 2 diabetes7.16
    • •Obesity and type 2 diabetes7.17
    • •Urinary system structure7.18B
    • •Nephron structure and function7.19B
    • •ADH and water balance7.20B
    • •Treatments for kidney failure7.21B
    • •Urea formation in the liver7.22B
    • •Transport of substances in organisms8.1
    • •Exchange surfaces and transport systems8.2
    • •Alveoli adaptations for gas exchange8.3
    • •Factors affecting diffusion8.4B
    • •Diffusion rate calculations8.5B
    • •Blood components and functions8.6
    • •Blood vessel structure and function8.7
    • •Heart and circulatory system8.8
    • •Cellular respiration8.9
    • •Aerobic and anaerobic respiration8.10
    • •Respiration rate practical8.11
    • •Cardiac output calculations8.12
    • •Levels of organisation in ecosystems9.1
    • •Abiotic and biotic factors9.2
    • •Interdependence in communities9.3
    • •Parasitism and mutualism9.4
    • •Fieldwork techniques practical9.5
    • •Estimating population size9.6
    • •Energy transfer in food chains9.7B
    • •Energy transfer and biomass calculations9.8B
    • •Human impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity9.9
    • •Importance of biodiversity and conservation9.10
    • •Biological factors affecting food security9.11B
    • •Cycling of materials in ecosystems9.12
    • •The carbon cycle9.13
    • •The water cycle and potable water9.14
    • •The nitrogen cycle and fertilisers9.15
    • •Indicator species and pollution9.16B
    • •Factors affecting decomposition in food preservation9.17B
    • •Factors affecting decomposition in composting9.18B
    • •Decay rate calculations9.19B

Describe how the physical barriers and chemical defences of the human body provide protection from pathogens

Edexcel·Biology (Separate Science)·5.12·Higher

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