KnowledgeSetKnowledgeSet
Pricing
Log InGet Started

The learning loop

See all features →
01

Build understanding

Clear explanations. Connected ideas. Help when you need it.

02

Put it into practice

Try it, get feedback, and learn from every attempt.

03

Know what to work on next

See your progress and find a clearer next step.

Key Stage 3
Coming soon
GCSE
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • Biology (Combined)
  • Chemistry (Combined)
  • Physics (Combined)
  • Maths
  • Geography
IGCSE
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
A-Level
  • Biology
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
11+
Coming soon
Product
See all features →

Build understanding

Clear explanations. Connected ideas. Help when you need it.

Put it into practice

Try it, get feedback, and learn from every attempt.

Know what to work on next

See your progress and find a clearer next step.

Subjects
Pricing
Log InGet Started
HomeSubjectsAnalyticsSageAILessonsNotesFlashcardsQuestionsFeedback
Notes/IGCSE/Biology (Combined Science)/Edexcel/Linear

Syllabus

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Science (Double Award) — Biology (Linear) — 4SD0

      • •Characteristics of living organisms1.1
      • •Eukaryotic organisms1.2
      • •Prokaryotic organisms1.3
      • •Pathogens and viruses1.4
      • •Levels of organisation2.1
      • •Cell structures2.2
      • •Functions of cell structures2.3
      • •Plant and animal cells2.4
      • •Elements in biological molecules2.7
      • •Structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids2.8
      • •Practical: food tests2.9
      • •Enzymes as biological catalysts2.10
      • •Temperature and enzyme function2.11
      • •Practical: temperature and enzyme activity2.12
      • •pH and enzyme function2.13
      • •Diffusion, osmosis and active transport2.15
      • •Factors affecting movement of substances2.16
      • •Practical: diffusion and osmosis2.17
      • •Photosynthesis and energy conversion2.18
      • •Photosynthesis equations2.19
      • •Factors affecting photosynthesis2.20
      • •Leaf adaptations for photosynthesis2.21
      • •Mineral ions in plants2.22
      • •Practical: investigating photosynthesis2.23
      • •A balanced diet2.24
      • •Sources and functions of dietary components2.25
      • •Energy requirements2.26
      • •The human alimentary canal2.27
      • •Peristalsis2.28
      • •Digestive enzymes2.29
      • •Production and storage of bile2.30
      • •Functions of bile2.31
      • •Adaptations of the small intestine2.32
      • •Respiration and ATP production2.34
      • •ATP as an energy source2.35
      • •Aerobic and anaerobic respiration2.36
      • •Aerobic respiration equations2.37
      • •Anaerobic respiration equations2.38
      • •Practical: respiration in living organisms2.39
      • •Structure of the thorax2.46
      • •Ventilation of the lungs2.47
      • •Alveolar adaptations for gas exchange2.48
      • •Effects of smoking2.49
      • •Practical: breathing in humans2.50
      • •Diffusion in unicellular organisms2.51
      • •Transport systems in multicellular organisms2.52
      • •Transport in phloem2.53
      • •Transport in xylem2.54
      • •Composition of blood2.59
      • •Transport by plasma2.60
      • •Red blood cell adaptations2.61
      • •White blood cells and immunity2.62
      • •Structure and function of the heart2.65
      • •Changes in heart rate2.66
      • •Coronary heart disease risk factors2.67
      • •Arteries, veins and capillaries2.68
      • •The circulatory system2.69
      • •Excretion in plants2.70
      • •Human excretory organs and products2.71
      • •Responses to environmental changes2.80
      • •Homeostasis2.81
      • •Stimuli, receptors and effectors2.82
      • •Plant responses to stimuli2.83
      • •Geotropism and phototropism2.84
      • •Auxin and phototropism2.85
      • •Nervous and hormonal communication2.86
      • •The central nervous system2.87
      • •Receptors and nerve impulses2.88
      • •Neurotransmitters and synapses2.89
      • •Reflex arcs2.90
      • •Structure and function of the eye2.91
      • •Accommodation and the pupil reflex2.92
      • •Temperature regulation by the skin2.93
      • •Adrenaline, insulin and sex hormones2.94
      • •Sexual and asexual reproduction3.1
      • •Fertilisation and embryo development3.2
      • •Insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers3.3
      • •Fertilisation, seeds and fruits3.4
      • •Practical: seed germination3.5
      • •Food reserves in germinating seeds3.6
      • •Asexual reproduction in plants3.7
      • •Human reproductive systems3.8
      • •Oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle3.9
      • •The placenta3.11
      • •Amniotic fluid3.12
      • •Secondary sexual characteristics3.13
      • •The genome and genes3.14
      • •Genes and chromosomes3.15
      • •Alleles3.19
      • •Genetic terminology3.20
      • •Polygenic inheritance3.22
      • •Monohybrid inheritance diagrams3.23
      • •Family pedigrees3.24
      • •Probabilities in monohybrid crosses3.25
      • •Sex chromosomes3.26
      • •Sex determination diagrams3.27
      • •Mitosis and chromosome number3.28
      • •Roles of mitosis3.29
      • •Meiosis and haploid gametes3.30
      • •Random fertilisation and genetic variation3.31
      • •Human diploid and haploid chromosome numbers3.32
      • •Genetic and environmental variation3.33
      • •Mutations3.34
      • •Evolution by natural selection3.38
      • •Antibiotic resistance3.39
      • •Populations, communities, habitats and ecosystems4.1
      • •Practical: estimating populations with quadrats4.2
      • •Abiotic and biotic factors4.5
      • •Trophic levels4.6
      • •Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids4.7
      • •Transfer of substances and energy in food chains4.8
      • •Energy transfer between trophic levels4.9
      • •The carbon cycle4.10
      • •Air pollution4.12
      • •Greenhouse gases4.13
      • •Human contributions to greenhouse gases4.14
      • •The enhanced greenhouse effect4.15
      • •Water pollution by sewage4.16
      • •Eutrophication4.17
      • •Glasshouses and polythene tunnels5.1
      • •Carbon dioxide, temperature and crop yield5.2
      • •Fertilisers and crop yield5.3
      • •Pesticides and biological control5.4
      • •Yeast in food production5.5
      • •Practical: anaerobic respiration in yeast5.6
      • •Bacteria in yoghurt production5.7
      • •Industrial fermenters5.8
      • •Selective breeding in plants5.10
      • •Selective breeding in animals5.11
      • •Restriction enzymes and ligase5.12
      • •Vectors and recombinant DNA5.13
      • •Insulin production by genetically modified bacteria5.14
      • •Genetically modified crops5.15
      • •Transgenic organisms5.16

Syllabus

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Science (Double Award) — Biology (Linear) — 4SD0

      • •Characteristics of living organisms1.1
      • •Eukaryotic organisms1.2
      • •Prokaryotic organisms1.3
      • •Pathogens and viruses1.4
      • •Levels of organisation2.1
      • •Cell structures2.2
      • •Functions of cell structures2.3
      • •Plant and animal cells2.4
      • •Elements in biological molecules2.7
      • •Structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids2.8
      • •Practical: food tests2.9
      • •Enzymes as biological catalysts2.10
      • •Temperature and enzyme function2.11
      • •Practical: temperature and enzyme activity2.12
      • •pH and enzyme function2.13
      • •Diffusion, osmosis and active transport2.15
      • •Factors affecting movement of substances2.16
      • •Practical: diffusion and osmosis2.17
      • •Photosynthesis and energy conversion2.18
      • •Photosynthesis equations2.19
      • •Factors affecting photosynthesis2.20
      • •Leaf adaptations for photosynthesis2.21
      • •Mineral ions in plants2.22
      • •Practical: investigating photosynthesis2.23
      • •A balanced diet2.24
      • •Sources and functions of dietary components2.25
      • •Energy requirements2.26
      • •The human alimentary canal2.27
      • •Peristalsis2.28
      • •Digestive enzymes2.29
      • •Production and storage of bile2.30
      • •Functions of bile2.31
      • •Adaptations of the small intestine2.32
      • •Respiration and ATP production2.34
      • •ATP as an energy source2.35
      • •Aerobic and anaerobic respiration2.36
      • •Aerobic respiration equations2.37
      • •Anaerobic respiration equations2.38
      • •Practical: respiration in living organisms2.39
      • •Structure of the thorax2.46
      • •Ventilation of the lungs2.47
      • •Alveolar adaptations for gas exchange2.48
      • •Effects of smoking2.49
      • •Practical: breathing in humans2.50
      • •Diffusion in unicellular organisms2.51
      • •Transport systems in multicellular organisms2.52
      • •Transport in phloem2.53
      • •Transport in xylem2.54
      • •Composition of blood2.59
      • •Transport by plasma2.60
      • •Red blood cell adaptations2.61
      • •White blood cells and immunity2.62
      • •Structure and function of the heart2.65
      • •Changes in heart rate2.66
      • •Coronary heart disease risk factors2.67
      • •Arteries, veins and capillaries2.68
      • •The circulatory system2.69
      • •Excretion in plants2.70
      • •Human excretory organs and products2.71
      • •Responses to environmental changes2.80
      • •Homeostasis2.81
      • •Stimuli, receptors and effectors2.82
      • •Plant responses to stimuli2.83
      • •Geotropism and phototropism2.84
      • •Auxin and phototropism2.85
      • •Nervous and hormonal communication2.86
      • •The central nervous system2.87
      • •Receptors and nerve impulses2.88
      • •Neurotransmitters and synapses2.89
      • •Reflex arcs2.90
      • •Structure and function of the eye2.91
      • •Accommodation and the pupil reflex2.92
      • •Temperature regulation by the skin2.93
      • •Adrenaline, insulin and sex hormones2.94
      • •Sexual and asexual reproduction3.1
      • •Fertilisation and embryo development3.2
      • •Insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers3.3
      • •Fertilisation, seeds and fruits3.4
      • •Practical: seed germination3.5
      • •Food reserves in germinating seeds3.6
      • •Asexual reproduction in plants3.7
      • •Human reproductive systems3.8
      • •Oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle3.9
      • •The placenta3.11
      • •Amniotic fluid3.12
      • •Secondary sexual characteristics3.13
      • •The genome and genes3.14
      • •Genes and chromosomes3.15
      • •Alleles3.19
      • •Genetic terminology3.20
      • •Polygenic inheritance3.22
      • •Monohybrid inheritance diagrams3.23
      • •Family pedigrees3.24
      • •Probabilities in monohybrid crosses3.25
      • •Sex chromosomes3.26
      • •Sex determination diagrams3.27
      • •Mitosis and chromosome number3.28
      • •Roles of mitosis3.29
      • •Meiosis and haploid gametes3.30
      • •Random fertilisation and genetic variation3.31
      • •Human diploid and haploid chromosome numbers3.32
      • •Genetic and environmental variation3.33
      • •Mutations3.34
      • •Evolution by natural selection3.38
      • •Antibiotic resistance3.39
      • •Populations, communities, habitats and ecosystems4.1
      • •Practical: estimating populations with quadrats4.2
      • •Abiotic and biotic factors4.5
      • •Trophic levels4.6
      • •Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids4.7
      • •Transfer of substances and energy in food chains4.8
      • •Energy transfer between trophic levels4.9
      • •The carbon cycle4.10
      • •Air pollution4.12
      • •Greenhouse gases4.13
      • •Human contributions to greenhouse gases4.14
      • •The enhanced greenhouse effect4.15
      • •Water pollution by sewage4.16
      • •Eutrophication4.17
      • •Glasshouses and polythene tunnels5.1
      • •Carbon dioxide, temperature and crop yield5.2
      • •Fertilisers and crop yield5.3
      • •Pesticides and biological control5.4
      • •Yeast in food production5.5
      • •Practical: anaerobic respiration in yeast5.6
      • •Bacteria in yoghurt production5.7
      • •Industrial fermenters5.8
      • •Selective breeding in plants5.10
      • •Selective breeding in animals5.11
      • •Restriction enzymes and ligase5.12
      • •Vectors and recombinant DNA5.13
      • •Insulin production by genetically modified bacteria5.14
      • •Genetically modified crops5.15
      • •Transgenic organisms5.16

Structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids

Edexcel·Biology (Combined Science)·2.8·Linear

Notes Coming Soon

The concept content for this specification point is being prepared. Check back soon.