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Notes/IGCSE/Biology/Edexcel/Linear

Syllabus

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Biology (Linear) — 4BI1

      • •Characteristics of living organisms1.1
      • •Eukaryotic organisms1.2
      • •Prokaryotic organisms1.3
      • •Pathogens and viruses1.4
      • •Levels of organisation2.1
      • •Cell structures2.2
      • •Functions of cell structures2.3
      • •Plant and animal cells2.4
      • •Cell differentiation2.5B
      • •Stem cells in medicine2.6B
      • •Elements in biological molecules2.7
      • •Structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids2.8
      • •Practical: food tests2.9
      • •Enzymes as biological catalysts2.10
      • •Temperature and enzyme function2.11
      • •Practical: temperature and enzyme activity2.12
      • •pH and enzyme function2.13
      • •Practical: pH and enzyme activity2.14B
      • •Diffusion, osmosis and active transport2.15
      • •Factors affecting movement of substances2.16
      • •Practical: diffusion and osmosis2.17
      • •Photosynthesis and energy conversion2.18
      • •Photosynthesis equations2.19
      • •Factors affecting photosynthesis2.20
      • •Leaf adaptations for photosynthesis2.21
      • •Mineral ions in plants2.22
      • •Practical: investigating photosynthesis2.23
      • •A balanced diet2.24
      • •Sources and functions of dietary components2.25
      • •Energy requirements2.26
      • •The human alimentary canal2.27
      • •Peristalsis2.28
      • •Digestive enzymes2.29
      • •Production and storage of bile2.30
      • •Functions of bile2.31
      • •Adaptations of the small intestine2.32
      • •Practical: energy content of food2.33B
      • •Respiration and ATP production2.34
      • •ATP as an energy source2.35
      • •Aerobic and anaerobic respiration2.36
      • •Aerobic respiration equations2.37
      • •Anaerobic respiration equations2.38
      • •Practical: respiration in living organisms2.39
      • •Diffusion in gas exchange2.40B
      • •Gas exchange in respiration and photosynthesis2.41B
      • •Leaf adaptations for gas exchange2.42B
      • •Stomata and gas exchange2.43B
      • •Light intensity and net gas exchange2.44B
      • •Practical: light and gas exchange in leaves2.45B
      • •Structure of the thorax2.46
      • •Ventilation of the lungs2.47
      • •Alveolar adaptations for gas exchange2.48
      • •Effects of smoking2.49
      • •Practical: breathing in humans2.50
      • •Diffusion in unicellular organisms2.51
      • •Transport systems in multicellular organisms2.52
      • •Transport in phloem2.53
      • •Transport in xylem2.54
      • •Water absorption by root hair cells2.55B
      • •Transpiration2.56B
      • •Factors affecting transpiration2.57B
      • •Practical: factors affecting transpiration2.58B
      • •Composition of blood2.59
      • •Transport by plasma2.60
      • •Red blood cell adaptations2.61
      • •White blood cells and immunity2.62
      • •Vaccination and memory cells2.63B
      • •Platelets and blood clotting2.64B
      • •Structure and function of the heart2.65
      • •Changes in heart rate2.66
      • •Coronary heart disease risk factors2.67
      • •Arteries, veins and capillaries2.68
      • •The circulatory system2.69
      • •Excretion in plants2.70
      • •Human excretory organs and products2.71
      • •Kidney function and osmoregulation2.72B
      • •The urinary system2.73B
      • •Structure of a nephron2.74B
      • •Ultrafiltration2.75B
      • •Water reabsorption2.76B
      • •Selective reabsorption of glucose2.77B
      • •ADH and water regulation2.78B
      • •Composition of urine2.79B
      • •Responses to environmental changes2.80
      • •Homeostasis2.81
      • •Stimuli, receptors and effectors2.82
      • •Plant responses to stimuli2.83
      • •Geotropism and phototropism2.84
      • •Auxin and phototropism2.85
      • •Nervous and hormonal communication2.86
      • •The central nervous system2.87
      • •Receptors and nerve impulses2.88
      • •Neurotransmitters and synapses2.89
      • •Reflex arcs2.90
      • •Structure and function of the eye2.91
      • •Accommodation and the pupil reflex2.92
      • •Temperature regulation by the skin2.93
      • •Adrenaline, insulin and sex hormones2.94
      • •ADH, FSH and LH2.95B
      • •Sexual and asexual reproduction3.1
      • •Fertilisation and embryo development3.2
      • •Insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers3.3
      • •Fertilisation, seeds and fruits3.4
      • •Practical: seed germination3.5
      • •Food reserves in germinating seeds3.6
      • •Asexual reproduction in plants3.7
      • •Human reproductive systems3.8
      • •Oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle3.9
      • •FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle3.10B
      • •The placenta3.11
      • •Amniotic fluid3.12
      • •Secondary sexual characteristics3.13
      • •The genome and genes3.14
      • •Genes and chromosomes3.15
      • •DNA structure3.16B
      • •RNA structure3.17B
      • •Protein synthesis3.18B
      • •Alleles3.19
      • •Genetic terminology3.20
      • •Codominance3.21B
      • •Polygenic inheritance3.22
      • •Monohybrid inheritance diagrams3.23
      • •Family pedigrees3.24
      • •Probabilities in monohybrid crosses3.25
      • •Sex chromosomes3.26
      • •Sex determination diagrams3.27
      • •Mitosis and chromosome number3.28
      • •Roles of mitosis3.29
      • •Meiosis and haploid gametes3.30
      • •Random fertilisation and genetic variation3.31
      • •Human diploid and haploid chromosome numbers3.32
      • •Genetic and environmental variation3.33
      • •Mutations3.34
      • •DNA changes and protein structure3.35B
      • •Effects of mutations on phenotype3.36B
      • •Radiation and chemical mutagens3.37B
      • •Evolution by natural selection3.38
      • •Antibiotic resistance3.39
      • •Populations, communities, habitats and ecosystems4.1
      • •Practical: estimating populations with quadrats4.2
      • •Biodiversity4.3B
      • •Practical: distribution and biodiversity4.4B
      • •Abiotic and biotic factors4.5
      • •Trophic levels4.6
      • •Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids4.7
      • •Transfer of substances and energy in food chains4.8
      • •Energy transfer between trophic levels4.9
      • •The carbon cycle4.10
      • •The nitrogen cycle4.11B
      • •Air pollution4.12
      • •Greenhouse gases4.13
      • •Human contributions to greenhouse gases4.14
      • •The enhanced greenhouse effect4.15
      • •Water pollution by sewage4.16
      • •Eutrophication4.17
      • •Deforestation4.18B
      • •Glasshouses and polythene tunnels5.1
      • •Carbon dioxide, temperature and crop yield5.2
      • •Fertilisers and crop yield5.3
      • •Pesticides and biological control5.4
      • •Yeast in food production5.5
      • •Practical: anaerobic respiration in yeast5.6
      • •Bacteria in yoghurt production5.7
      • •Industrial fermenters5.8
      • •Fish farming5.9B
      • •Selective breeding in plants5.10
      • •Selective breeding in animals5.11
      • •Restriction enzymes and ligase5.12
      • •Vectors and recombinant DNA5.13
      • •Insulin production by genetically modified bacteria5.14
      • •Genetically modified crops5.15
      • •Transgenic organisms5.16
      • •Micropropagation5.17B
      • •Commercial uses of micropropagation5.18B
      • •Cloning mammals5.19B
      • •Transgenic animals and human proteins5.20B

Syllabus

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Biology (Linear) — 4BI1

      • •Characteristics of living organisms1.1
      • •Eukaryotic organisms1.2
      • •Prokaryotic organisms1.3
      • •Pathogens and viruses1.4
      • •Levels of organisation2.1
      • •Cell structures2.2
      • •Functions of cell structures2.3
      • •Plant and animal cells2.4
      • •Cell differentiation2.5B
      • •Stem cells in medicine2.6B
      • •Elements in biological molecules2.7
      • •Structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids2.8
      • •Practical: food tests2.9
      • •Enzymes as biological catalysts2.10
      • •Temperature and enzyme function2.11
      • •Practical: temperature and enzyme activity2.12
      • •pH and enzyme function2.13
      • •Practical: pH and enzyme activity2.14B
      • •Diffusion, osmosis and active transport2.15
      • •Factors affecting movement of substances2.16
      • •Practical: diffusion and osmosis2.17
      • •Photosynthesis and energy conversion2.18
      • •Photosynthesis equations2.19
      • •Factors affecting photosynthesis2.20
      • •Leaf adaptations for photosynthesis2.21
      • •Mineral ions in plants2.22
      • •Practical: investigating photosynthesis2.23
      • •A balanced diet2.24
      • •Sources and functions of dietary components2.25
      • •Energy requirements2.26
      • •The human alimentary canal2.27
      • •Peristalsis2.28
      • •Digestive enzymes2.29
      • •Production and storage of bile2.30
      • •Functions of bile2.31
      • •Adaptations of the small intestine2.32
      • •Practical: energy content of food2.33B
      • •Respiration and ATP production2.34
      • •ATP as an energy source2.35
      • •Aerobic and anaerobic respiration2.36
      • •Aerobic respiration equations2.37
      • •Anaerobic respiration equations2.38
      • •Practical: respiration in living organisms2.39
      • •Diffusion in gas exchange2.40B
      • •Gas exchange in respiration and photosynthesis2.41B
      • •Leaf adaptations for gas exchange2.42B
      • •Stomata and gas exchange2.43B
      • •Light intensity and net gas exchange2.44B
      • •Practical: light and gas exchange in leaves2.45B
      • •Structure of the thorax2.46
      • •Ventilation of the lungs2.47
      • •Alveolar adaptations for gas exchange2.48
      • •Effects of smoking2.49
      • •Practical: breathing in humans2.50
      • •Diffusion in unicellular organisms2.51
      • •Transport systems in multicellular organisms2.52
      • •Transport in phloem2.53
      • •Transport in xylem2.54
      • •Water absorption by root hair cells2.55B
      • •Transpiration2.56B
      • •Factors affecting transpiration2.57B
      • •Practical: factors affecting transpiration2.58B
      • •Composition of blood2.59
      • •Transport by plasma2.60
      • •Red blood cell adaptations2.61
      • •White blood cells and immunity2.62
      • •Vaccination and memory cells2.63B
      • •Platelets and blood clotting2.64B
      • •Structure and function of the heart2.65
      • •Changes in heart rate2.66
      • •Coronary heart disease risk factors2.67
      • •Arteries, veins and capillaries2.68
      • •The circulatory system2.69
      • •Excretion in plants2.70
      • •Human excretory organs and products2.71
      • •Kidney function and osmoregulation2.72B
      • •The urinary system2.73B
      • •Structure of a nephron2.74B
      • •Ultrafiltration2.75B
      • •Water reabsorption2.76B
      • •Selective reabsorption of glucose2.77B
      • •ADH and water regulation2.78B
      • •Composition of urine2.79B
      • •Responses to environmental changes2.80
      • •Homeostasis2.81
      • •Stimuli, receptors and effectors2.82
      • •Plant responses to stimuli2.83
      • •Geotropism and phototropism2.84
      • •Auxin and phototropism2.85
      • •Nervous and hormonal communication2.86
      • •The central nervous system2.87
      • •Receptors and nerve impulses2.88
      • •Neurotransmitters and synapses2.89
      • •Reflex arcs2.90
      • •Structure and function of the eye2.91
      • •Accommodation and the pupil reflex2.92
      • •Temperature regulation by the skin2.93
      • •Adrenaline, insulin and sex hormones2.94
      • •ADH, FSH and LH2.95B
      • •Sexual and asexual reproduction3.1
      • •Fertilisation and embryo development3.2
      • •Insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers3.3
      • •Fertilisation, seeds and fruits3.4
      • •Practical: seed germination3.5
      • •Food reserves in germinating seeds3.6
      • •Asexual reproduction in plants3.7
      • •Human reproductive systems3.8
      • •Oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle3.9
      • •FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle3.10B
      • •The placenta3.11
      • •Amniotic fluid3.12
      • •Secondary sexual characteristics3.13
      • •The genome and genes3.14
      • •Genes and chromosomes3.15
      • •DNA structure3.16B
      • •RNA structure3.17B
      • •Protein synthesis3.18B
      • •Alleles3.19
      • •Genetic terminology3.20
      • •Codominance3.21B
      • •Polygenic inheritance3.22
      • •Monohybrid inheritance diagrams3.23
      • •Family pedigrees3.24
      • •Probabilities in monohybrid crosses3.25
      • •Sex chromosomes3.26
      • •Sex determination diagrams3.27
      • •Mitosis and chromosome number3.28
      • •Roles of mitosis3.29
      • •Meiosis and haploid gametes3.30
      • •Random fertilisation and genetic variation3.31
      • •Human diploid and haploid chromosome numbers3.32
      • •Genetic and environmental variation3.33
      • •Mutations3.34
      • •DNA changes and protein structure3.35B
      • •Effects of mutations on phenotype3.36B
      • •Radiation and chemical mutagens3.37B
      • •Evolution by natural selection3.38
      • •Antibiotic resistance3.39
      • •Populations, communities, habitats and ecosystems4.1
      • •Practical: estimating populations with quadrats4.2
      • •Biodiversity4.3B
      • •Practical: distribution and biodiversity4.4B
      • •Abiotic and biotic factors4.5
      • •Trophic levels4.6
      • •Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids4.7
      • •Transfer of substances and energy in food chains4.8
      • •Energy transfer between trophic levels4.9
      • •The carbon cycle4.10
      • •The nitrogen cycle4.11B
      • •Air pollution4.12
      • •Greenhouse gases4.13
      • •Human contributions to greenhouse gases4.14
      • •The enhanced greenhouse effect4.15
      • •Water pollution by sewage4.16
      • •Eutrophication4.17
      • •Deforestation4.18B
      • •Glasshouses and polythene tunnels5.1
      • •Carbon dioxide, temperature and crop yield5.2
      • •Fertilisers and crop yield5.3
      • •Pesticides and biological control5.4
      • •Yeast in food production5.5
      • •Practical: anaerobic respiration in yeast5.6
      • •Bacteria in yoghurt production5.7
      • •Industrial fermenters5.8
      • •Fish farming5.9B
      • •Selective breeding in plants5.10
      • •Selective breeding in animals5.11
      • •Restriction enzymes and ligase5.12
      • •Vectors and recombinant DNA5.13
      • •Insulin production by genetically modified bacteria5.14
      • •Genetically modified crops5.15
      • •Transgenic organisms5.16
      • •Micropropagation5.17B
      • •Commercial uses of micropropagation5.18B
      • •Cloning mammals5.19B
      • •Transgenic animals and human proteins5.20B

Nervous and hormonal communication

Edexcel·Biology·2.86·Linear

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The concept content for this specification point is being prepared. Check back soon.