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Notes/IGCSE/Biology/Edexcel/Modular

Syllabus

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Biology (Modular) — 4XBI1

      • •Characteristics of living organisms1.1
      • •Eukaryotic organisms1.2
      • •Prokaryotic organisms1.3
      • •Pathogens and viruses1.4
      • •Levels of organisation2.1
      • •Cell structures2.2
      • •Functions of cell structures2.3
      • •Plant and animal cells2.4
      • •Cell differentiation2.5B
      • •Stem cells in medicine2.6B
      • •Elements in biological molecules2.7
      • •Structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids2.8
      • •Practical: food tests2.9
      • •Enzymes as biological catalysts2.10
      • •Temperature and enzyme function2.11
      • •Practical: temperature and enzyme activity2.12
      • •pH and enzyme function2.13
      • •Practical: pH and enzyme activity2.14B
      • •Diffusion, osmosis and active transport2.15
      • •Factors affecting movement of substances2.16
      • •Practical: diffusion and osmosis2.17
      • •Photosynthesis and energy conversion2.18
      • •Photosynthesis equations2.19
      • •Factors affecting photosynthesis2.20
      • •Leaf adaptations for photosynthesis2.21
      • •Mineral ions in plants2.22
      • •Practical: investigating photosynthesis2.23
      • •A balanced diet2.24
      • •Sources and functions of dietary components2.25
      • •Energy requirements2.26
      • •The human alimentary canal2.27
      • •Peristalsis2.28
      • •Digestive enzymes2.29
      • •Production and storage of bile2.30
      • •Functions of bile2.31
      • •Adaptations of the small intestine2.32
      • •Practical: energy content of food2.33B
      • •Respiration and ATP production2.34
      • •ATP as an energy source2.35
      • •Aerobic and anaerobic respiration2.36
      • •Aerobic respiration equations2.37
      • •Anaerobic respiration equations2.38
      • •Practical: respiration in living organisms2.39
      • •Diffusion in gas exchange2.40B
      • •Gas exchange in respiration and photosynthesis2.41B
      • •Leaf adaptations for gas exchange2.42B
      • •Stomata and gas exchange2.43B
      • •Light intensity and net gas exchange2.44B
      • •Practical: light and gas exchange in leaves2.45B
      • •Structure of the thorax2.46
      • •Ventilation of the lungs2.47
      • •Alveolar adaptations for gas exchange2.48
      • •Effects of smoking2.49
      • •Practical: breathing in humans2.50
      • •Diffusion in unicellular organisms3.1
      • •Transport systems in multicellular organisms3.2
      • •Transport in phloem3.3
      • •Transport in xylem3.4
      • •Water absorption by root hair cells3.5B
      • •Transpiration3.6B
      • •Factors affecting transpiration3.7B
      • •Practical: factors affecting transpiration3.8B
      • •Composition of blood3.9
      • •Transport by plasma3.10
      • •Red blood cell adaptations3.11
      • •White blood cells and immunity3.12
      • •Vaccination and memory cells3.13B
      • •Platelets and blood clotting3.14B
      • •Structure and function of the heart3.15
      • •Changes in heart rate3.16
      • •Coronary heart disease risk factors3.17
      • •Arteries, veins and capillaries3.18
      • •The circulatory system3.19
      • •Excretion in plants3.20
      • •Human excretory organs and products3.21
      • •Kidney function and osmoregulation3.22B
      • •The urinary system3.23B
      • •Structure of a nephron3.24B
      • •Ultrafiltration3.25B
      • •Water reabsorption3.26B
      • •Selective reabsorption of glucose3.27B
      • •ADH and water regulation3.28B
      • •Composition of urine3.29B
      • •Responses to environmental changes3.30
      • •Homeostasis3.31
      • •Stimuli, receptors and effectors3.32
      • •Plant responses to stimuli3.33
      • •Geotropism and phototropism3.34
      • •Auxin and phototropism3.35
      • •Nervous and hormonal communication3.36
      • •The central nervous system3.37
      • •Receptors and nerve impulses3.38
      • •Neurotransmitters and synapses3.39
      • •Reflex arcs3.40
      • •Structure and function of the eye3.41
      • •Accommodation and the pupil reflex3.42
      • •Temperature regulation by the skin3.43
      • •Adrenaline, insulin and sex hormones3.44
      • •ADH, FSH and LH3.45B
      • •Sexual and asexual reproduction4.1
      • •Fertilisation and embryo development4.2
      • •Insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers4.3
      • •Fertilisation, seeds and fruits4.4
      • •Practical: seed germination4.5
      • •Food reserves in germinating seeds4.6
      • •Asexual reproduction in plants4.7
      • •Human reproductive systems4.8
      • •Oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle4.9
      • •FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle4.10B
      • •The placenta4.11
      • •Amniotic fluid4.12
      • •Secondary sexual characteristics4.13
      • •The genome and genes4.14
      • •Genes and chromosomes4.15
      • •DNA structure4.16B
      • •RNA structure4.17B
      • •Protein synthesis4.18B
      • •Alleles4.19
      • •Genetic terminology4.20
      • •Codominance4.21B
      • •Polygenic inheritance4.22
      • •Monohybrid inheritance diagrams4.23
      • •Family pedigrees4.24
      • •Probabilities in monohybrid crosses4.25
      • •Sex chromosomes4.26
      • •Sex determination diagrams4.27
      • •Mitosis and chromosome number4.28
      • •Roles of mitosis4.29
      • •Meiosis and haploid gametes4.30
      • •Random fertilisation and genetic variation4.31
      • •Human diploid and haploid chromosome numbers4.32
      • •Genetic and environmental variation4.33
      • •Mutations4.34
      • •DNA changes and protein structure4.35B
      • •Effects of mutations on phenotype4.36B
      • •Radiation and chemical mutagens4.37B
      • •Evolution by natural selection4.38
      • •Antibiotic resistance4.39
      • •Populations, communities, habitats and ecosystems5.1
      • •Practical: estimating populations with quadrats5.2
      • •Biodiversity5.3B
      • •Practical: distribution and biodiversity5.4B
      • •Abiotic and biotic factors5.5
      • •Trophic levels5.6
      • •Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids5.7
      • •Transfer of substances and energy in food chains5.8
      • •Energy transfer between trophic levels5.9
      • •The carbon cycle5.10
      • •The nitrogen cycle5.11B
      • •Air pollution5.12
      • •Greenhouse gases5.13
      • •Human contributions to greenhouse gases5.14
      • •The enhanced greenhouse effect5.15
      • •Water pollution by sewage5.16
      • •Eutrophication5.17
      • •Deforestation5.18B
      • •Glasshouses and polythene tunnels6.1
      • •Carbon dioxide, temperature and crop yield6.2
      • •Fertilisers and crop yield6.3
      • •Pesticides and biological control6.4
      • •Yeast in food production6.5
      • •Practical: anaerobic respiration in yeast6.6
      • •Bacteria in yoghurt production6.7
      • •Industrial fermenters6.8
      • •Fish farming6.9B
      • •Selective breeding in plants6.10
      • •Selective breeding in animals6.11
      • •Restriction enzymes and ligase6.12
      • •Vectors and recombinant DNA6.13
      • •Insulin production by genetically modified bacteria6.14
      • •Genetically modified crops6.15
      • •Transgenic organisms6.16
      • •Micropropagation6.17B
      • •Commercial uses of micropropagation6.18B
      • •Cloning mammals6.19B
      • •Transgenic animals and human proteins6.20B

Syllabus

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Biology (Modular) — 4XBI1

      • •Characteristics of living organisms1.1
      • •Eukaryotic organisms1.2
      • •Prokaryotic organisms1.3
      • •Pathogens and viruses1.4
      • •Levels of organisation2.1
      • •Cell structures2.2
      • •Functions of cell structures2.3
      • •Plant and animal cells2.4
      • •Cell differentiation2.5B
      • •Stem cells in medicine2.6B
      • •Elements in biological molecules2.7
      • •Structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids2.8
      • •Practical: food tests2.9
      • •Enzymes as biological catalysts2.10
      • •Temperature and enzyme function2.11
      • •Practical: temperature and enzyme activity2.12
      • •pH and enzyme function2.13
      • •Practical: pH and enzyme activity2.14B
      • •Diffusion, osmosis and active transport2.15
      • •Factors affecting movement of substances2.16
      • •Practical: diffusion and osmosis2.17
      • •Photosynthesis and energy conversion2.18
      • •Photosynthesis equations2.19
      • •Factors affecting photosynthesis2.20
      • •Leaf adaptations for photosynthesis2.21
      • •Mineral ions in plants2.22
      • •Practical: investigating photosynthesis2.23
      • •A balanced diet2.24
      • •Sources and functions of dietary components2.25
      • •Energy requirements2.26
      • •The human alimentary canal2.27
      • •Peristalsis2.28
      • •Digestive enzymes2.29
      • •Production and storage of bile2.30
      • •Functions of bile2.31
      • •Adaptations of the small intestine2.32
      • •Practical: energy content of food2.33B
      • •Respiration and ATP production2.34
      • •ATP as an energy source2.35
      • •Aerobic and anaerobic respiration2.36
      • •Aerobic respiration equations2.37
      • •Anaerobic respiration equations2.38
      • •Practical: respiration in living organisms2.39
      • •Diffusion in gas exchange2.40B
      • •Gas exchange in respiration and photosynthesis2.41B
      • •Leaf adaptations for gas exchange2.42B
      • •Stomata and gas exchange2.43B
      • •Light intensity and net gas exchange2.44B
      • •Practical: light and gas exchange in leaves2.45B
      • •Structure of the thorax2.46
      • •Ventilation of the lungs2.47
      • •Alveolar adaptations for gas exchange2.48
      • •Effects of smoking2.49
      • •Practical: breathing in humans2.50
      • •Diffusion in unicellular organisms3.1
      • •Transport systems in multicellular organisms3.2
      • •Transport in phloem3.3
      • •Transport in xylem3.4
      • •Water absorption by root hair cells3.5B
      • •Transpiration3.6B
      • •Factors affecting transpiration3.7B
      • •Practical: factors affecting transpiration3.8B
      • •Composition of blood3.9
      • •Transport by plasma3.10
      • •Red blood cell adaptations3.11
      • •White blood cells and immunity3.12
      • •Vaccination and memory cells3.13B
      • •Platelets and blood clotting3.14B
      • •Structure and function of the heart3.15
      • •Changes in heart rate3.16
      • •Coronary heart disease risk factors3.17
      • •Arteries, veins and capillaries3.18
      • •The circulatory system3.19
      • •Excretion in plants3.20
      • •Human excretory organs and products3.21
      • •Kidney function and osmoregulation3.22B
      • •The urinary system3.23B
      • •Structure of a nephron3.24B
      • •Ultrafiltration3.25B
      • •Water reabsorption3.26B
      • •Selective reabsorption of glucose3.27B
      • •ADH and water regulation3.28B
      • •Composition of urine3.29B
      • •Responses to environmental changes3.30
      • •Homeostasis3.31
      • •Stimuli, receptors and effectors3.32
      • •Plant responses to stimuli3.33
      • •Geotropism and phototropism3.34
      • •Auxin and phototropism3.35
      • •Nervous and hormonal communication3.36
      • •The central nervous system3.37
      • •Receptors and nerve impulses3.38
      • •Neurotransmitters and synapses3.39
      • •Reflex arcs3.40
      • •Structure and function of the eye3.41
      • •Accommodation and the pupil reflex3.42
      • •Temperature regulation by the skin3.43
      • •Adrenaline, insulin and sex hormones3.44
      • •ADH, FSH and LH3.45B
      • •Sexual and asexual reproduction4.1
      • •Fertilisation and embryo development4.2
      • •Insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers4.3
      • •Fertilisation, seeds and fruits4.4
      • •Practical: seed germination4.5
      • •Food reserves in germinating seeds4.6
      • •Asexual reproduction in plants4.7
      • •Human reproductive systems4.8
      • •Oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle4.9
      • •FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle4.10B
      • •The placenta4.11
      • •Amniotic fluid4.12
      • •Secondary sexual characteristics4.13
      • •The genome and genes4.14
      • •Genes and chromosomes4.15
      • •DNA structure4.16B
      • •RNA structure4.17B
      • •Protein synthesis4.18B
      • •Alleles4.19
      • •Genetic terminology4.20
      • •Codominance4.21B
      • •Polygenic inheritance4.22
      • •Monohybrid inheritance diagrams4.23
      • •Family pedigrees4.24
      • •Probabilities in monohybrid crosses4.25
      • •Sex chromosomes4.26
      • •Sex determination diagrams4.27
      • •Mitosis and chromosome number4.28
      • •Roles of mitosis4.29
      • •Meiosis and haploid gametes4.30
      • •Random fertilisation and genetic variation4.31
      • •Human diploid and haploid chromosome numbers4.32
      • •Genetic and environmental variation4.33
      • •Mutations4.34
      • •DNA changes and protein structure4.35B
      • •Effects of mutations on phenotype4.36B
      • •Radiation and chemical mutagens4.37B
      • •Evolution by natural selection4.38
      • •Antibiotic resistance4.39
      • •Populations, communities, habitats and ecosystems5.1
      • •Practical: estimating populations with quadrats5.2
      • •Biodiversity5.3B
      • •Practical: distribution and biodiversity5.4B
      • •Abiotic and biotic factors5.5
      • •Trophic levels5.6
      • •Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids5.7
      • •Transfer of substances and energy in food chains5.8
      • •Energy transfer between trophic levels5.9
      • •The carbon cycle5.10
      • •The nitrogen cycle5.11B
      • •Air pollution5.12
      • •Greenhouse gases5.13
      • •Human contributions to greenhouse gases5.14
      • •The enhanced greenhouse effect5.15
      • •Water pollution by sewage5.16
      • •Eutrophication5.17
      • •Deforestation5.18B
      • •Glasshouses and polythene tunnels6.1
      • •Carbon dioxide, temperature and crop yield6.2
      • •Fertilisers and crop yield6.3
      • •Pesticides and biological control6.4
      • •Yeast in food production6.5
      • •Practical: anaerobic respiration in yeast6.6
      • •Bacteria in yoghurt production6.7
      • •Industrial fermenters6.8
      • •Fish farming6.9B
      • •Selective breeding in plants6.10
      • •Selective breeding in animals6.11
      • •Restriction enzymes and ligase6.12
      • •Vectors and recombinant DNA6.13
      • •Insulin production by genetically modified bacteria6.14
      • •Genetically modified crops6.15
      • •Transgenic organisms6.16
      • •Micropropagation6.17B
      • •Commercial uses of micropropagation6.18B
      • •Cloning mammals6.19B
      • •Transgenic animals and human proteins6.20B

Adrenaline, insulin and sex hormones

Edexcel·Biology·3.44·Modular

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The concept content for this specification point is being prepared. Check back soon.