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Notes/IGCSE/Physics/Edexcel/Modular

Syllabus

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Physics (Modular) — 4XPH1

      • •Units for forces and motion1.1
      • •Units for moments and momentum1.2P
      • •Distance-time graphs1.3
      • •Average speed calculations1.4
      • •Practical: investigating motion1.5
      • •Acceleration calculations1.6
      • •Velocity-time graphs1.7
      • •Acceleration from velocity-time graphs1.8
      • •Distance from velocity-time graphs1.9
      • •The speed, acceleration and distance equation1.10
      • •Effects of forces1.11
      • •Types of force1.12
      • •Vectors and scalars1.13
      • •Force as a vector1.14
      • •Resultant forces1.15
      • •Friction1.16
      • •Force, mass and acceleration1.17
      • •Weight and gravitational field strength1.18
      • •Thinking, braking and stopping distances1.19
      • •Factors affecting stopping distance1.20
      • •Falling objects and terminal velocity1.21
      • •Practical: force and extension1.22
      • •Hooke's law1.23
      • •Elastic behaviour1.24
      • •Momentum calculations1.25P
      • •Momentum and safety features1.26P
      • •Conservation of momentum1.27P
      • •Force and change in momentum1.28P
      • •Newton's third law1.29P
      • •Moments of forces1.30P
      • •Centre of gravity1.31P
      • •The principle of moments1.32P
      • •Forces on a supported beam1.33P
      • •Units for electricity2.1
      • •Electrical safety2.2
      • •Heating effects of electric current2.3
      • •Electrical power and fuse selection2.4
      • •Electrical energy, current, voltage and time2.5
      • •Alternating and direct current2.6
      • •Applications of series and parallel circuits2.7
      • •Current in series circuits2.8
      • •Current-voltage characteristics2.9
      • •Resistance and current2.10
      • •LDRs and thermistors2.11
      • •Lamps and LEDs as current indicators2.12
      • •Voltage, current and resistance2.13
      • •Current as the rate of flow of charge2.14
      • •Charge, current and time2.15
      • •Electron flow in metals2.16
      • •Conservation of current at junctions2.17
      • •Voltage across parallel components2.18
      • •Calculations for series resistors2.19
      • •Voltage as energy transferred per unit charge2.20
      • •Energy, charge and voltage2.21
      • •Electrical conductors and insulators2.22P
      • •Practical: charging by friction2.23P
      • •Charging by electron transfer2.24P
      • •Attraction and repulsion of charges2.25P
      • •Explaining electrostatic phenomena2.26P
      • •Dangers of electrostatic charge2.27P
      • •Uses of electrostatic charge2.28P
      • •Units for energy and power3.1
      • •Energy stores and transfers3.2
      • •Conservation of energy3.3
      • •Efficiency calculations3.4
      • •Energy transfers and Sankey diagrams3.5
      • •Conduction, convection and radiation3.6
      • •Convection in everyday situations3.7
      • •Emission and absorption of radiation3.8
      • •Practical: thermal energy transfer3.9
      • •Reducing unwanted energy transfers3.10
      • •Work, force and distance3.11
      • •Work done and energy transferred3.12
      • •Gravitational potential energy3.13
      • •Kinetic energy3.14
      • •Conservation of mechanical energy3.15
      • •Power as the rate of energy transfer3.16
      • •Power, work and time calculations3.17
      • •Energy transfers in electricity generation3.18P
      • •Comparing electricity generation methods3.19P
      • •Units for solids, liquids and gases4.1
      • •Units for specific heat capacity4.2P
      • •Density, mass and volume4.3
      • •Practical: measuring density4.4
      • •Pressure, force and area4.5
      • •Pressure in fluids at rest4.6
      • •Pressure difference in a fluid4.7
      • •Heating and energy changes4.8P
      • •Melting, evaporation and boiling4.9P
      • •Particle arrangement and motion4.10P
      • •Practical: temperature during a change of state4.11P
      • •Specific heat capacity4.12P
      • •Thermal energy change calculations4.13P
      • •Practical: specific heat capacity4.14P
      • •Units for waves5.1
      • •Longitudinal and transverse waves5.2
      • •Wave terminology5.3
      • •Energy and information transfer by waves5.4
      • •Wave speed, frequency and wavelength5.5
      • •Frequency and time period5.6
      • •Applying wave equations5.7
      • •The Doppler effect5.8
      • •Reflection and refraction of waves5.9
      • •The electromagnetic spectrum5.10
      • •Order of the electromagnetic spectrum5.11
      • •Uses of electromagnetic radiation5.12
      • •Dangers of electromagnetic radiation5.13
      • •Light as a transverse wave5.14
      • •The law of reflection5.15
      • •Reflection and refraction ray diagrams5.16
      • •Practical: refraction of light5.17
      • •Refractive index calculations5.18
      • •Practical: refractive index of glass5.19
      • •Total internal reflection5.20
      • •Critical angle5.21
      • •Critical angle and refractive index5.22
      • •Sound as a longitudinal wave5.23
      • •The human hearing range5.24P
      • •Practical: speed of sound in air5.25P
      • •Displaying sound waves on an oscilloscope5.26P
      • •Practical: measuring sound frequency5.27P
      • •Pitch and frequency5.28P
      • •Loudness and amplitude5.29P
      • •Gas particles and pressure6.1
      • •Absolute zero6.2
      • •The Kelvin temperature scale6.3
      • •Temperature and molecular speed6.4
      • •Temperature and molecular kinetic energy6.5
      • •Gas pressure, volume and temperature relationships6.6
      • •Pressure-temperature calculations6.7
      • •Pressure-volume calculations6.8
      • •Units for magnetism and electromagnetism7.1
      • •Magnetic attraction and repulsion7.2
      • •Magnetically hard and soft materials7.3
      • •Magnetic field lines7.4
      • •Induced magnetism7.5
      • •Practical: magnetic field patterns7.6
      • •Producing a uniform magnetic field7.7
      • •Magnetic fields around current-carrying conductors7.8
      • •Construction of electromagnets7.9P
      • •Fields of wires, coils and solenoids7.10P
      • •Forces on moving charged particles7.11P
      • •The motor effect and its applications7.12
      • •The left-hand rule7.13
      • •Factors affecting the motor effect7.14
      • •Induced voltage7.15
      • •Generators7.16
      • •Transformer structure and operation7.17P
      • •Transformers in electricity transmission7.18P
      • •Transformer voltage and turns ratio7.19P
      • •Power in an ideal transformer7.20P
      • •Units for radioactivity8.1
      • •Atomic structure and nuclear notation8.2
      • •Atomic number, mass number and isotopes8.3
      • •Random radioactive emissions8.4
      • •Properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation8.5
      • •Practical: penetration of ionising radiation8.6
      • •Effects of radioactive emissions on nuclei8.7
      • •Balancing nuclear equations8.8
      • •Detecting ionising radiation8.9
      • •Background radiation8.10
      • •Activity and radioactive decay8.11
      • •Half-life8.12
      • •Half-life calculations and graphs8.13
      • •Uses of radioactivity8.14
      • •Contamination and irradiation8.15
      • •Radiation hazards and precautions8.16
      • •Energy from nuclear reactions8.17
      • •Fission of uranium-2358.18
      • •Products of nuclear fission8.19
      • •Nuclear chain reactions8.20
      • •Control rods and moderators8.21
      • •Nuclear reactor shielding8.22
      • •Comparing fusion and fission8.23
      • •Nuclear fusion and mass loss8.24
      • •Fusion in stars8.25
      • •Conditions required for nuclear fusion8.26
      • •Units for astrophysics9.1
      • •The universe, galaxies and the solar system9.2
      • •Variations in gravitational field strength9.3
      • •Gravity and orbital motion9.4
      • •Orbits of comets, moons and planets9.5
      • •Orbital speed calculations9.6
      • •Classifying stars by colour9.7
      • •Star colour and surface temperature9.8
      • •Evolution of Sun-like stars9.9
      • •Evolution of massive stars9.10
      • •Absolute magnitude9.11P
      • •The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram9.12P
      • •Evolution of the universe and the Big Bang9.13P
      • •Evidence for the Big Bang9.14P
      • •Relative motion and observed waves9.15P
      • •Red-shift calculations9.16P
      • •Red-shift and galaxy distance9.17P
      • •Evidence for an expanding universe9.18P

Syllabus

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Physics (Modular) — 4XPH1

      • •Units for forces and motion1.1
      • •Units for moments and momentum1.2P
      • •Distance-time graphs1.3
      • •Average speed calculations1.4
      • •Practical: investigating motion1.5
      • •Acceleration calculations1.6
      • •Velocity-time graphs1.7
      • •Acceleration from velocity-time graphs1.8
      • •Distance from velocity-time graphs1.9
      • •The speed, acceleration and distance equation1.10
      • •Effects of forces1.11
      • •Types of force1.12
      • •Vectors and scalars1.13
      • •Force as a vector1.14
      • •Resultant forces1.15
      • •Friction1.16
      • •Force, mass and acceleration1.17
      • •Weight and gravitational field strength1.18
      • •Thinking, braking and stopping distances1.19
      • •Factors affecting stopping distance1.20
      • •Falling objects and terminal velocity1.21
      • •Practical: force and extension1.22
      • •Hooke's law1.23
      • •Elastic behaviour1.24
      • •Momentum calculations1.25P
      • •Momentum and safety features1.26P
      • •Conservation of momentum1.27P
      • •Force and change in momentum1.28P
      • •Newton's third law1.29P
      • •Moments of forces1.30P
      • •Centre of gravity1.31P
      • •The principle of moments1.32P
      • •Forces on a supported beam1.33P
      • •Units for electricity2.1
      • •Electrical safety2.2
      • •Heating effects of electric current2.3
      • •Electrical power and fuse selection2.4
      • •Electrical energy, current, voltage and time2.5
      • •Alternating and direct current2.6
      • •Applications of series and parallel circuits2.7
      • •Current in series circuits2.8
      • •Current-voltage characteristics2.9
      • •Resistance and current2.10
      • •LDRs and thermistors2.11
      • •Lamps and LEDs as current indicators2.12
      • •Voltage, current and resistance2.13
      • •Current as the rate of flow of charge2.14
      • •Charge, current and time2.15
      • •Electron flow in metals2.16
      • •Conservation of current at junctions2.17
      • •Voltage across parallel components2.18
      • •Calculations for series resistors2.19
      • •Voltage as energy transferred per unit charge2.20
      • •Energy, charge and voltage2.21
      • •Electrical conductors and insulators2.22P
      • •Practical: charging by friction2.23P
      • •Charging by electron transfer2.24P
      • •Attraction and repulsion of charges2.25P
      • •Explaining electrostatic phenomena2.26P
      • •Dangers of electrostatic charge2.27P
      • •Uses of electrostatic charge2.28P
      • •Units for energy and power3.1
      • •Energy stores and transfers3.2
      • •Conservation of energy3.3
      • •Efficiency calculations3.4
      • •Energy transfers and Sankey diagrams3.5
      • •Conduction, convection and radiation3.6
      • •Convection in everyday situations3.7
      • •Emission and absorption of radiation3.8
      • •Practical: thermal energy transfer3.9
      • •Reducing unwanted energy transfers3.10
      • •Work, force and distance3.11
      • •Work done and energy transferred3.12
      • •Gravitational potential energy3.13
      • •Kinetic energy3.14
      • •Conservation of mechanical energy3.15
      • •Power as the rate of energy transfer3.16
      • •Power, work and time calculations3.17
      • •Energy transfers in electricity generation3.18P
      • •Comparing electricity generation methods3.19P
      • •Units for solids, liquids and gases4.1
      • •Units for specific heat capacity4.2P
      • •Density, mass and volume4.3
      • •Practical: measuring density4.4
      • •Pressure, force and area4.5
      • •Pressure in fluids at rest4.6
      • •Pressure difference in a fluid4.7
      • •Heating and energy changes4.8P
      • •Melting, evaporation and boiling4.9P
      • •Particle arrangement and motion4.10P
      • •Practical: temperature during a change of state4.11P
      • •Specific heat capacity4.12P
      • •Thermal energy change calculations4.13P
      • •Practical: specific heat capacity4.14P
      • •Units for waves5.1
      • •Longitudinal and transverse waves5.2
      • •Wave terminology5.3
      • •Energy and information transfer by waves5.4
      • •Wave speed, frequency and wavelength5.5
      • •Frequency and time period5.6
      • •Applying wave equations5.7
      • •The Doppler effect5.8
      • •Reflection and refraction of waves5.9
      • •The electromagnetic spectrum5.10
      • •Order of the electromagnetic spectrum5.11
      • •Uses of electromagnetic radiation5.12
      • •Dangers of electromagnetic radiation5.13
      • •Light as a transverse wave5.14
      • •The law of reflection5.15
      • •Reflection and refraction ray diagrams5.16
      • •Practical: refraction of light5.17
      • •Refractive index calculations5.18
      • •Practical: refractive index of glass5.19
      • •Total internal reflection5.20
      • •Critical angle5.21
      • •Critical angle and refractive index5.22
      • •Sound as a longitudinal wave5.23
      • •The human hearing range5.24P
      • •Practical: speed of sound in air5.25P
      • •Displaying sound waves on an oscilloscope5.26P
      • •Practical: measuring sound frequency5.27P
      • •Pitch and frequency5.28P
      • •Loudness and amplitude5.29P
      • •Gas particles and pressure6.1
      • •Absolute zero6.2
      • •The Kelvin temperature scale6.3
      • •Temperature and molecular speed6.4
      • •Temperature and molecular kinetic energy6.5
      • •Gas pressure, volume and temperature relationships6.6
      • •Pressure-temperature calculations6.7
      • •Pressure-volume calculations6.8
      • •Units for magnetism and electromagnetism7.1
      • •Magnetic attraction and repulsion7.2
      • •Magnetically hard and soft materials7.3
      • •Magnetic field lines7.4
      • •Induced magnetism7.5
      • •Practical: magnetic field patterns7.6
      • •Producing a uniform magnetic field7.7
      • •Magnetic fields around current-carrying conductors7.8
      • •Construction of electromagnets7.9P
      • •Fields of wires, coils and solenoids7.10P
      • •Forces on moving charged particles7.11P
      • •The motor effect and its applications7.12
      • •The left-hand rule7.13
      • •Factors affecting the motor effect7.14
      • •Induced voltage7.15
      • •Generators7.16
      • •Transformer structure and operation7.17P
      • •Transformers in electricity transmission7.18P
      • •Transformer voltage and turns ratio7.19P
      • •Power in an ideal transformer7.20P
      • •Units for radioactivity8.1
      • •Atomic structure and nuclear notation8.2
      • •Atomic number, mass number and isotopes8.3
      • •Random radioactive emissions8.4
      • •Properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation8.5
      • •Practical: penetration of ionising radiation8.6
      • •Effects of radioactive emissions on nuclei8.7
      • •Balancing nuclear equations8.8
      • •Detecting ionising radiation8.9
      • •Background radiation8.10
      • •Activity and radioactive decay8.11
      • •Half-life8.12
      • •Half-life calculations and graphs8.13
      • •Uses of radioactivity8.14
      • •Contamination and irradiation8.15
      • •Radiation hazards and precautions8.16
      • •Energy from nuclear reactions8.17
      • •Fission of uranium-2358.18
      • •Products of nuclear fission8.19
      • •Nuclear chain reactions8.20
      • •Control rods and moderators8.21
      • •Nuclear reactor shielding8.22
      • •Comparing fusion and fission8.23
      • •Nuclear fusion and mass loss8.24
      • •Fusion in stars8.25
      • •Conditions required for nuclear fusion8.26
      • •Units for astrophysics9.1
      • •The universe, galaxies and the solar system9.2
      • •Variations in gravitational field strength9.3
      • •Gravity and orbital motion9.4
      • •Orbits of comets, moons and planets9.5
      • •Orbital speed calculations9.6
      • •Classifying stars by colour9.7
      • •Star colour and surface temperature9.8
      • •Evolution of Sun-like stars9.9
      • •Evolution of massive stars9.10
      • •Absolute magnitude9.11P
      • •The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram9.12P
      • •Evolution of the universe and the Big Bang9.13P
      • •Evidence for the Big Bang9.14P
      • •Relative motion and observed waves9.15P
      • •Red-shift calculations9.16P
      • •Red-shift and galaxy distance9.17P
      • •Evidence for an expanding universe9.18P

Evolution of the universe and the Big Bang

Edexcel·Physics·9.13P·Modular

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