Using genome projects (A-level only)

Sequencing projects have read the genomes of a wide range of organisms, including humans.

Determining the genome of simpler organisms allows the sequences of the proteins that derive from the genetic code (the proteome) of the organism to be determined. This may have many applications, including the identification of potential antigens for use in vaccine production.

In more complex organisms, the presence of non-coding DNA and of regulatory genes means that knowledge of the genome cannot easily be translated into the proteome.

Sequencing methods are continuously updated and have become automated.