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Notes/A-Level/Biology/Edexcel/Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters-Nuffield) — 9BN0

Syllabus

Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters-Nuffield) — 9BN0

    • •The need for a heart and circulation1.1
    • •Water as a transport solvent1.2
    • •Blood vessel structure and function1.3
    • •Cardiac cycle and heart structure1.4
    • •Development of atherosclerosis1.5
    • •Blood clotting and cardiovascular disease1.6
    • •Risk factors for cardiovascular disease1.7
    • •Interpreting health-risk data1.8
    • •Evaluating health-risk studies1.9
    • •Perceptions of health risks1.10
    • •Energy budgets, diet and obesity1.11
    • •Carbohydrate structure and energy storage1.12
    • •Carbohydrate condensation and hydrolysis1.13
    • •Triglycerides and saturated and unsaturated lipids1.14
    • •Cholesterol, lipoproteins and cardiovascular risk1.15
    • •Reducing coronary heart disease risk1.16
    • •Ethics of invertebrate research1.17
    • •Treatments for cardiovascular disease1.18
    • •Gas exchange surfaces, diffusion and the mammalian lung2.1
    • •Cell membrane structure and models2.2
    • •Osmosis2.3
    • •Membrane transport mechanisms2.4
    • •Nucleotides, DNA and RNA structure2.5
    • •Transcription and translation2.6
    • •The genetic code2.7
    • •Genes and polypeptide sequences2.8
    • •Amino acids and protein structure and function2.9
    • •Enzyme action and specificity2.10
    • •DNA replication and the Meselson–Stahl experiment2.11
    • •Mutations and cystic fibrosis2.12
    • •Monohybrid inheritance and genetic pedigrees2.13
    • •Effects of cystic fibrosis on body systems2.14
    • •Genetic screening and prenatal testing2.15
    • •Ethical issues in genetic screening2.16
    • •Cells as the basis of living organisms3.1
    • •Eukaryotic cell ultrastructure3.2
    • •Protein transport through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus3.3
    • •Prokaryotic cell ultrastructure3.4
    • •Identifying animal-cell organelles in electron micrographs3.5
    • •Specialisation of mammalian gametes3.6
    • •Fertilisation in mammals3.7
    • •Gene loci, linkage and sex linkage3.8
    • •Meiosis and genetic variation3.9
    • •Mitosis and the cell cycle3.10
    • •Stem cells, potency and medical therapies3.11
    • •Cell specialisation and differential gene expression3.12
    • •Tissues, organs and organ systems3.13
    • •Genotype, environment and epigenetics3.14
    • •Polygenic inheritance and continuous variation3.15
    • •Threats to the variety of life4.1
    • •Measuring biodiversity, endemism and genetic diversity4.2
    • •Niches and adaptations4.3
    • •Natural selection, adaptation and evolution4.4
    • •Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and speciation4.5
    • •Classification, molecular phylogeny and evaluating evidence4.6
    • •Plant cell ultrastructure4.7
    • •Identifying plant-cell organelles in electron micrographs4.8
    • •Starch, cellulose and microfibrils4.9
    • •Plant cell walls and the properties of plant fibres4.10
    • •Sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem4.11
    • •Water and inorganic ions in plants4.12
    • •Development of drug-testing protocols4.13
    • •Conditions for bacterial growth4.14
    • •Plant fibres, starch and sustainability4.15
    • •Conservation through zoos and seed banks4.16
    • •Ecosystems, communities, populations and habitats5.1
    • •Biotic and abiotic controls on distribution and abundance5.2
    • •Niches, distribution and abundance5.3
    • •Succession and climax communities5.4
    • •The overall reaction of photosynthesis5.5
    • •ATP synthesis and hydrolysis5.6
    • •Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis5.7
    • •The Calvin cycle and synthesis of biological molecules5.8
    • •Chloroplast structure and photosynthesis5.9
    • •Gross and net primary productivity5.10
    • •Efficiency of biomass and energy transfer5.11
    • •Evidence for climate change and its causes5.12
    • •Anthropogenic climate change and greenhouse gases5.13
    • •Climate-change models, predictions and limitations5.14
    • •Effects of climate change on organisms5.15
    • •Temperature, enzyme activity and organisms5.16
    • •Evolution through mutation and natural selection5.17
    • •Scientific validation of evolutionary evidence5.18
    • •Isolation, gene flow and speciation5.19
    • •Influences on conclusions about controversial scientific issues5.20
    • •The carbon cycle and reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide5.21
    • •Reforestation, biofuels and sustainable resource management5.22
    • •Estimating time of death6.1
    • •Microorganisms, decomposition and carbon recycling6.2
    • •DNA profiling and genetic relationships6.3
    • •DNA amplification by PCR6.4
    • •Comparing bacteria and viruses6.5
    • •Tuberculosis and HIV infection6.6
    • •Non-specific responses to infection6.7
    • •Antigens, antibodies and antigen presentation6.8
    • •Roles of B cells and T cells6.9
    • •Post-transcriptional changes and protein diversity6.10
    • •Pathogen entry routes and barriers to infection6.11
    • •Natural, artificial, active and passive immunity6.12
    • •The evolutionary race between pathogens and hosts6.13
    • •Bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics6.14
    • •Preventing hospital-acquired infections6.15
    • •Muscles, tendons, ligaments and skeletal movement7.1
    • •Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction7.2
    • •Aerobic respiration and enzyme-controlled reactions7.3
    • •Glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration7.4
    • •The link reaction and Krebs cycle7.5
    • •Oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis7.6
    • •The fate of lactate after anaerobic respiration7.7
    • •Cardiac electrical coordination and ECG diagnosis7.8
    • •Cardiac output and control of heart rate and ventilation7.9
    • •Muscle fibre structure and fibre types7.10
    • •Negative and positive feedback7.11
    • •Homeostasis and thermoregulation during exercise7.12
    • •Health effects of too much or too little exercise7.13
    • •Medical technology and participation in sport7.14
    • •Ethics of performance-enhancing substances7.15
    • •Transcription factors and hormonal control of gene expression7.16
    • •Neurone structure, function and myelination8.1
    • •Stimulus responses and the pupil reflex8.2
    • •Action potentials and saltatory conduction8.3
    • •Synapses and neurotransmitters8.4
    • •Photoreception in rod cells8.5
    • •Plant responses involving phytochrome and IAA8.6
    • •Nervous and hormonal coordination8.7
    • •Human brain regions and their functions8.8
    • •Brain imaging in diagnosis and research8.9
    • •The critical period of visual development8.10
    • •Animal models in brain research8.11
    • •Ethics of animals in medical research8.12
    • •Learning by habituation8.13
    • •Brain chemicals, ill health and drug development8.14
    • •Effects of drugs on synaptic transmission8.15
    • •Genome sequencing and personalised medicine8.16
    • •Drug production using genetically modified organisms8.17
    • •Risks and benefits of genetically modified organisms8.18
    • •Nature and nurture in brain development8.19

Syllabus

Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters-Nuffield) — 9BN0

    • •The need for a heart and circulation1.1
    • •Water as a transport solvent1.2
    • •Blood vessel structure and function1.3
    • •Cardiac cycle and heart structure1.4
    • •Development of atherosclerosis1.5
    • •Blood clotting and cardiovascular disease1.6
    • •Risk factors for cardiovascular disease1.7
    • •Interpreting health-risk data1.8
    • •Evaluating health-risk studies1.9
    • •Perceptions of health risks1.10
    • •Energy budgets, diet and obesity1.11
    • •Carbohydrate structure and energy storage1.12
    • •Carbohydrate condensation and hydrolysis1.13
    • •Triglycerides and saturated and unsaturated lipids1.14
    • •Cholesterol, lipoproteins and cardiovascular risk1.15
    • •Reducing coronary heart disease risk1.16
    • •Ethics of invertebrate research1.17
    • •Treatments for cardiovascular disease1.18
    • •Gas exchange surfaces, diffusion and the mammalian lung2.1
    • •Cell membrane structure and models2.2
    • •Osmosis2.3
    • •Membrane transport mechanisms2.4
    • •Nucleotides, DNA and RNA structure2.5
    • •Transcription and translation2.6
    • •The genetic code2.7
    • •Genes and polypeptide sequences2.8
    • •Amino acids and protein structure and function2.9
    • •Enzyme action and specificity2.10
    • •DNA replication and the Meselson–Stahl experiment2.11
    • •Mutations and cystic fibrosis2.12
    • •Monohybrid inheritance and genetic pedigrees2.13
    • •Effects of cystic fibrosis on body systems2.14
    • •Genetic screening and prenatal testing2.15
    • •Ethical issues in genetic screening2.16
    • •Cells as the basis of living organisms3.1
    • •Eukaryotic cell ultrastructure3.2
    • •Protein transport through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus3.3
    • •Prokaryotic cell ultrastructure3.4
    • •Identifying animal-cell organelles in electron micrographs3.5
    • •Specialisation of mammalian gametes3.6
    • •Fertilisation in mammals3.7
    • •Gene loci, linkage and sex linkage3.8
    • •Meiosis and genetic variation3.9
    • •Mitosis and the cell cycle3.10
    • •Stem cells, potency and medical therapies3.11
    • •Cell specialisation and differential gene expression3.12
    • •Tissues, organs and organ systems3.13
    • •Genotype, environment and epigenetics3.14
    • •Polygenic inheritance and continuous variation3.15
    • •Threats to the variety of life4.1
    • •Measuring biodiversity, endemism and genetic diversity4.2
    • •Niches and adaptations4.3
    • •Natural selection, adaptation and evolution4.4
    • •Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and speciation4.5
    • •Classification, molecular phylogeny and evaluating evidence4.6
    • •Plant cell ultrastructure4.7
    • •Identifying plant-cell organelles in electron micrographs4.8
    • •Starch, cellulose and microfibrils4.9
    • •Plant cell walls and the properties of plant fibres4.10
    • •Sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem4.11
    • •Water and inorganic ions in plants4.12
    • •Development of drug-testing protocols4.13
    • •Conditions for bacterial growth4.14
    • •Plant fibres, starch and sustainability4.15
    • •Conservation through zoos and seed banks4.16
    • •Ecosystems, communities, populations and habitats5.1
    • •Biotic and abiotic controls on distribution and abundance5.2
    • •Niches, distribution and abundance5.3
    • •Succession and climax communities5.4
    • •The overall reaction of photosynthesis5.5
    • •ATP synthesis and hydrolysis5.6
    • •Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis5.7
    • •The Calvin cycle and synthesis of biological molecules5.8
    • •Chloroplast structure and photosynthesis5.9
    • •Gross and net primary productivity5.10
    • •Efficiency of biomass and energy transfer5.11
    • •Evidence for climate change and its causes5.12
    • •Anthropogenic climate change and greenhouse gases5.13
    • •Climate-change models, predictions and limitations5.14
    • •Effects of climate change on organisms5.15
    • •Temperature, enzyme activity and organisms5.16
    • •Evolution through mutation and natural selection5.17
    • •Scientific validation of evolutionary evidence5.18
    • •Isolation, gene flow and speciation5.19
    • •Influences on conclusions about controversial scientific issues5.20
    • •The carbon cycle and reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide5.21
    • •Reforestation, biofuels and sustainable resource management5.22
    • •Estimating time of death6.1
    • •Microorganisms, decomposition and carbon recycling6.2
    • •DNA profiling and genetic relationships6.3
    • •DNA amplification by PCR6.4
    • •Comparing bacteria and viruses6.5
    • •Tuberculosis and HIV infection6.6
    • •Non-specific responses to infection6.7
    • •Antigens, antibodies and antigen presentation6.8
    • •Roles of B cells and T cells6.9
    • •Post-transcriptional changes and protein diversity6.10
    • •Pathogen entry routes and barriers to infection6.11
    • •Natural, artificial, active and passive immunity6.12
    • •The evolutionary race between pathogens and hosts6.13
    • •Bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics6.14
    • •Preventing hospital-acquired infections6.15
    • •Muscles, tendons, ligaments and skeletal movement7.1
    • •Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction7.2
    • •Aerobic respiration and enzyme-controlled reactions7.3
    • •Glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration7.4
    • •The link reaction and Krebs cycle7.5
    • •Oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis7.6
    • •The fate of lactate after anaerobic respiration7.7
    • •Cardiac electrical coordination and ECG diagnosis7.8
    • •Cardiac output and control of heart rate and ventilation7.9
    • •Muscle fibre structure and fibre types7.10
    • •Negative and positive feedback7.11
    • •Homeostasis and thermoregulation during exercise7.12
    • •Health effects of too much or too little exercise7.13
    • •Medical technology and participation in sport7.14
    • •Ethics of performance-enhancing substances7.15
    • •Transcription factors and hormonal control of gene expression7.16
    • •Neurone structure, function and myelination8.1
    • •Stimulus responses and the pupil reflex8.2
    • •Action potentials and saltatory conduction8.3
    • •Synapses and neurotransmitters8.4
    • •Photoreception in rod cells8.5
    • •Plant responses involving phytochrome and IAA8.6
    • •Nervous and hormonal coordination8.7
    • •Human brain regions and their functions8.8
    • •Brain imaging in diagnosis and research8.9
    • •The critical period of visual development8.10
    • •Animal models in brain research8.11
    • •Ethics of animals in medical research8.12
    • •Learning by habituation8.13
    • •Brain chemicals, ill health and drug development8.14
    • •Effects of drugs on synaptic transmission8.15
    • •Genome sequencing and personalised medicine8.16
    • •Drug production using genetically modified organisms8.17
    • •Risks and benefits of genetically modified organisms8.18
    • •Nature and nurture in brain development8.19

Health effects of too much or too little exercise

Edexcel·Biology·7.13

Notes Coming Soon

The concept content for this specification point is being prepared. Check back soon.