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Notes/A-Level/Biology/Edexcel/Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters-Nuffield) — 9BN0

Syllabus

Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters-Nuffield) — 9BN0

    • •The need for a heart and circulation1.1
    • •Water as a transport solvent1.2
    • •Blood vessel structure and function1.3
    • •Cardiac cycle and heart structure1.4
    • •Development of atherosclerosis1.5
    • •Blood clotting and cardiovascular disease1.6
    • •Risk factors for cardiovascular disease1.7
    • •Interpreting health-risk data1.8
    • •Evaluating health-risk studies1.9
    • •Perceptions of health risks1.10
    • •Energy budgets, diet and obesity1.11
    • •Carbohydrate structure and energy storage1.12
    • •Carbohydrate condensation and hydrolysis1.13
    • •Triglycerides and saturated and unsaturated lipids1.14
    • •Cholesterol, lipoproteins and cardiovascular risk1.15
    • •Reducing coronary heart disease risk1.16
    • •Ethics of invertebrate research1.17
    • •Treatments for cardiovascular disease1.18
    • •Gas exchange surfaces, diffusion and the mammalian lung2.1
    • •Cell membrane structure and models2.2
    • •Osmosis2.3
    • •Membrane transport mechanisms2.4
    • •Nucleotides, DNA and RNA structure2.5
    • •Transcription and translation2.6
    • •The genetic code2.7
    • •Genes and polypeptide sequences2.8
    • •Amino acids and protein structure and function2.9
    • •Enzyme action and specificity2.10
    • •DNA replication and the Meselson–Stahl experiment2.11
    • •Mutations and cystic fibrosis2.12
    • •Monohybrid inheritance and genetic pedigrees2.13
    • •Effects of cystic fibrosis on body systems2.14
    • •Genetic screening and prenatal testing2.15
    • •Ethical issues in genetic screening2.16
    • •Cells as the basis of living organisms3.1
    • •Eukaryotic cell ultrastructure3.2
    • •Protein transport through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus3.3
    • •Prokaryotic cell ultrastructure3.4
    • •Identifying animal-cell organelles in electron micrographs3.5
    • •Specialisation of mammalian gametes3.6
    • •Fertilisation in mammals3.7
    • •Gene loci, linkage and sex linkage3.8
    • •Meiosis and genetic variation3.9
    • •Mitosis and the cell cycle3.10
    • •Stem cells, potency and medical therapies3.11
    • •Cell specialisation and differential gene expression3.12
    • •Tissues, organs and organ systems3.13
    • •Genotype, environment and epigenetics3.14
    • •Polygenic inheritance and continuous variation3.15
    • •Threats to the variety of life4.1
    • •Measuring biodiversity, endemism and genetic diversity4.2
    • •Niches and adaptations4.3
    • •Natural selection, adaptation and evolution4.4
    • •Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and speciation4.5
    • •Classification, molecular phylogeny and evaluating evidence4.6
    • •Plant cell ultrastructure4.7
    • •Identifying plant-cell organelles in electron micrographs4.8
    • •Starch, cellulose and microfibrils4.9
    • •Plant cell walls and the properties of plant fibres4.10
    • •Sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem4.11
    • •Water and inorganic ions in plants4.12
    • •Development of drug-testing protocols4.13
    • •Conditions for bacterial growth4.14
    • •Plant fibres, starch and sustainability4.15
    • •Conservation through zoos and seed banks4.16
    • •Ecosystems, communities, populations and habitats5.1
    • •Biotic and abiotic controls on distribution and abundance5.2
    • •Niches, distribution and abundance5.3
    • •Succession and climax communities5.4
    • •The overall reaction of photosynthesis5.5
    • •ATP synthesis and hydrolysis5.6
    • •Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis5.7
    • •The Calvin cycle and synthesis of biological molecules5.8
    • •Chloroplast structure and photosynthesis5.9
    • •Gross and net primary productivity5.10
    • •Efficiency of biomass and energy transfer5.11
    • •Evidence for climate change and its causes5.12
    • •Anthropogenic climate change and greenhouse gases5.13
    • •Climate-change models, predictions and limitations5.14
    • •Effects of climate change on organisms5.15
    • •Temperature, enzyme activity and organisms5.16
    • •Evolution through mutation and natural selection5.17
    • •Scientific validation of evolutionary evidence5.18
    • •Isolation, gene flow and speciation5.19
    • •Influences on conclusions about controversial scientific issues5.20
    • •The carbon cycle and reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide5.21
    • •Reforestation, biofuels and sustainable resource management5.22
    • •Estimating time of death6.1
    • •Microorganisms, decomposition and carbon recycling6.2
    • •DNA profiling and genetic relationships6.3
    • •DNA amplification by PCR6.4
    • •Comparing bacteria and viruses6.5
    • •Tuberculosis and HIV infection6.6
    • •Non-specific responses to infection6.7
    • •Antigens, antibodies and antigen presentation6.8
    • •Roles of B cells and T cells6.9
    • •Post-transcriptional changes and protein diversity6.10
    • •Pathogen entry routes and barriers to infection6.11
    • •Natural, artificial, active and passive immunity6.12
    • •The evolutionary race between pathogens and hosts6.13
    • •Bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics6.14
    • •Preventing hospital-acquired infections6.15
    • •Muscles, tendons, ligaments and skeletal movement7.1
    • •Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction7.2
    • •Aerobic respiration and enzyme-controlled reactions7.3
    • •Glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration7.4
    • •The link reaction and Krebs cycle7.5
    • •Oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis7.6
    • •The fate of lactate after anaerobic respiration7.7
    • •Cardiac electrical coordination and ECG diagnosis7.8
    • •Cardiac output and control of heart rate and ventilation7.9
    • •Muscle fibre structure and fibre types7.10
    • •Negative and positive feedback7.11
    • •Homeostasis and thermoregulation during exercise7.12
    • •Health effects of too much or too little exercise7.13
    • •Medical technology and participation in sport7.14
    • •Ethics of performance-enhancing substances7.15
    • •Transcription factors and hormonal control of gene expression7.16
    • •Neurone structure, function and myelination8.1
    • •Stimulus responses and the pupil reflex8.2
    • •Action potentials and saltatory conduction8.3
    • •Synapses and neurotransmitters8.4
    • •Photoreception in rod cells8.5
    • •Plant responses involving phytochrome and IAA8.6
    • •Nervous and hormonal coordination8.7
    • •Human brain regions and their functions8.8
    • •Brain imaging in diagnosis and research8.9
    • •The critical period of visual development8.10
    • •Animal models in brain research8.11
    • •Ethics of animals in medical research8.12
    • •Learning by habituation8.13
    • •Brain chemicals, ill health and drug development8.14
    • •Effects of drugs on synaptic transmission8.15
    • •Genome sequencing and personalised medicine8.16
    • •Drug production using genetically modified organisms8.17
    • •Risks and benefits of genetically modified organisms8.18
    • •Nature and nurture in brain development8.19

Syllabus

Edexcel A-level Biology A (Salters-Nuffield) — 9BN0

    • •The need for a heart and circulation1.1
    • •Water as a transport solvent1.2
    • •Blood vessel structure and function1.3
    • •Cardiac cycle and heart structure1.4
    • •Development of atherosclerosis1.5
    • •Blood clotting and cardiovascular disease1.6
    • •Risk factors for cardiovascular disease1.7
    • •Interpreting health-risk data1.8
    • •Evaluating health-risk studies1.9
    • •Perceptions of health risks1.10
    • •Energy budgets, diet and obesity1.11
    • •Carbohydrate structure and energy storage1.12
    • •Carbohydrate condensation and hydrolysis1.13
    • •Triglycerides and saturated and unsaturated lipids1.14
    • •Cholesterol, lipoproteins and cardiovascular risk1.15
    • •Reducing coronary heart disease risk1.16
    • •Ethics of invertebrate research1.17
    • •Treatments for cardiovascular disease1.18
    • •Gas exchange surfaces, diffusion and the mammalian lung2.1
    • •Cell membrane structure and models2.2
    • •Osmosis2.3
    • •Membrane transport mechanisms2.4
    • •Nucleotides, DNA and RNA structure2.5
    • •Transcription and translation2.6
    • •The genetic code2.7
    • •Genes and polypeptide sequences2.8
    • •Amino acids and protein structure and function2.9
    • •Enzyme action and specificity2.10
    • •DNA replication and the Meselson–Stahl experiment2.11
    • •Mutations and cystic fibrosis2.12
    • •Monohybrid inheritance and genetic pedigrees2.13
    • •Effects of cystic fibrosis on body systems2.14
    • •Genetic screening and prenatal testing2.15
    • •Ethical issues in genetic screening2.16
    • •Cells as the basis of living organisms3.1
    • •Eukaryotic cell ultrastructure3.2
    • •Protein transport through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus3.3
    • •Prokaryotic cell ultrastructure3.4
    • •Identifying animal-cell organelles in electron micrographs3.5
    • •Specialisation of mammalian gametes3.6
    • •Fertilisation in mammals3.7
    • •Gene loci, linkage and sex linkage3.8
    • •Meiosis and genetic variation3.9
    • •Mitosis and the cell cycle3.10
    • •Stem cells, potency and medical therapies3.11
    • •Cell specialisation and differential gene expression3.12
    • •Tissues, organs and organ systems3.13
    • •Genotype, environment and epigenetics3.14
    • •Polygenic inheritance and continuous variation3.15
    • •Threats to the variety of life4.1
    • •Measuring biodiversity, endemism and genetic diversity4.2
    • •Niches and adaptations4.3
    • •Natural selection, adaptation and evolution4.4
    • •Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and speciation4.5
    • •Classification, molecular phylogeny and evaluating evidence4.6
    • •Plant cell ultrastructure4.7
    • •Identifying plant-cell organelles in electron micrographs4.8
    • •Starch, cellulose and microfibrils4.9
    • •Plant cell walls and the properties of plant fibres4.10
    • •Sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem4.11
    • •Water and inorganic ions in plants4.12
    • •Development of drug-testing protocols4.13
    • •Conditions for bacterial growth4.14
    • •Plant fibres, starch and sustainability4.15
    • •Conservation through zoos and seed banks4.16
    • •Ecosystems, communities, populations and habitats5.1
    • •Biotic and abiotic controls on distribution and abundance5.2
    • •Niches, distribution and abundance5.3
    • •Succession and climax communities5.4
    • •The overall reaction of photosynthesis5.5
    • •ATP synthesis and hydrolysis5.6
    • •Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis5.7
    • •The Calvin cycle and synthesis of biological molecules5.8
    • •Chloroplast structure and photosynthesis5.9
    • •Gross and net primary productivity5.10
    • •Efficiency of biomass and energy transfer5.11
    • •Evidence for climate change and its causes5.12
    • •Anthropogenic climate change and greenhouse gases5.13
    • •Climate-change models, predictions and limitations5.14
    • •Effects of climate change on organisms5.15
    • •Temperature, enzyme activity and organisms5.16
    • •Evolution through mutation and natural selection5.17
    • •Scientific validation of evolutionary evidence5.18
    • •Isolation, gene flow and speciation5.19
    • •Influences on conclusions about controversial scientific issues5.20
    • •The carbon cycle and reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide5.21
    • •Reforestation, biofuels and sustainable resource management5.22
    • •Estimating time of death6.1
    • •Microorganisms, decomposition and carbon recycling6.2
    • •DNA profiling and genetic relationships6.3
    • •DNA amplification by PCR6.4
    • •Comparing bacteria and viruses6.5
    • •Tuberculosis and HIV infection6.6
    • •Non-specific responses to infection6.7
    • •Antigens, antibodies and antigen presentation6.8
    • •Roles of B cells and T cells6.9
    • •Post-transcriptional changes and protein diversity6.10
    • •Pathogen entry routes and barriers to infection6.11
    • •Natural, artificial, active and passive immunity6.12
    • •The evolutionary race between pathogens and hosts6.13
    • •Bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics6.14
    • •Preventing hospital-acquired infections6.15
    • •Muscles, tendons, ligaments and skeletal movement7.1
    • •Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction7.2
    • •Aerobic respiration and enzyme-controlled reactions7.3
    • •Glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration7.4
    • •The link reaction and Krebs cycle7.5
    • •Oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis7.6
    • •The fate of lactate after anaerobic respiration7.7
    • •Cardiac electrical coordination and ECG diagnosis7.8
    • •Cardiac output and control of heart rate and ventilation7.9
    • •Muscle fibre structure and fibre types7.10
    • •Negative and positive feedback7.11
    • •Homeostasis and thermoregulation during exercise7.12
    • •Health effects of too much or too little exercise7.13
    • •Medical technology and participation in sport7.14
    • •Ethics of performance-enhancing substances7.15
    • •Transcription factors and hormonal control of gene expression7.16
    • •Neurone structure, function and myelination8.1
    • •Stimulus responses and the pupil reflex8.2
    • •Action potentials and saltatory conduction8.3
    • •Synapses and neurotransmitters8.4
    • •Photoreception in rod cells8.5
    • •Plant responses involving phytochrome and IAA8.6
    • •Nervous and hormonal coordination8.7
    • •Human brain regions and their functions8.8
    • •Brain imaging in diagnosis and research8.9
    • •The critical period of visual development8.10
    • •Animal models in brain research8.11
    • •Ethics of animals in medical research8.12
    • •Learning by habituation8.13
    • •Brain chemicals, ill health and drug development8.14
    • •Effects of drugs on synaptic transmission8.15
    • •Genome sequencing and personalised medicine8.16
    • •Drug production using genetically modified organisms8.17
    • •Risks and benefits of genetically modified organisms8.18
    • •Nature and nurture in brain development8.19

The fate of lactate after anaerobic respiration

Edexcel·Biology·7.7

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