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Notes/A-Level/Physics/Edexcel/Edexcel A-level Physics — 9PH0

Syllabus

Edexcel A-level Physics — 9PH0

    • •Base and derived quantities and SI units1
    • •Practical skills and experimental techniques2
    • •Estimating physical quantities3
    • •Limitations of physical measurement4
    • •Communicating scientific information5
    • •Applications, benefits and risks of science6
    • •Scientific validation and integrity7
    • •Science in societal decision making8
    • •Equations of uniformly accelerated motion9
    • •Displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs10
    • •Slopes and areas of motion graphs11
    • •Scalars and vectors12
    • •Resolving vectors into perpendicular components13
    • •Resultants of coplanar vectors14
    • •Independent components of projectile motion15
    • •Free-body force diagrams16
    • •Newton's first and second laws and terminal velocity17
    • •Gravitational field strength and weight18
    • •Core Practical 1: Acceleration of a freely falling object19
    • •Newton's third law and interaction pairs20
    • •Linear momentum21
    • •Conservation of linear momentum in one dimension22
    • •Moments of forces23
    • •Centre of gravity and equilibrium24
    • •Work done by a force25
    • •Kinetic energy26
    • •Gravitational potential energy near Earth's surface27
    • •Conservation of mechanical energy28
    • •Power, energy and work29
    • •Energy and power efficiency30
    • •Electric current as rate of charge flow31
    • •Potential difference and energy transferred per charge32
    • •Resistance and Ohm's law33
    • •Charge conservation and circuit currents34
    • •Energy conservation and circuit potential differences35
    • •Resistors in series and parallel36
    • •Electrical power and energy equations37
    • •Current-potential difference characteristics38
    • •Resistivity, length and cross-sectional area39
    • •Core Practical 2: Electrical resistivity of a material40
    • •Charge-carrier drift and material resistivity41
    • •Potential variation along a uniform wire42
    • •Potential divider principles and calculations43
    • •Potential dividers with thermistors and LDRs44
    • •Electromotive force, terminal potential difference and internal resistance45
    • •Core Practical 3: Electromotive force and internal resistance of a cell46
    • •Temperature dependence of resistance47
    • •Illumination and resistance in LDRs48
    • •Density49
    • •Upthrust and displaced fluid50
    • •Stokes' law, viscous drag and viscosity51
    • •Core Practical 4: Viscosity using a falling-ball method52
    • •Hooke's law and stiffness53
    • •Stress, strain and the Young modulus54
    • •Force-extension graphs and elastic and plastic behaviour55
    • •Stress-strain graphs and breaking stress56
    • •Core Practical 5: Young modulus of a material57
    • •Elastic strain energy and force-extension graphs58
    • •Amplitude, frequency, period, speed and wavelength59
    • •The wave equation60
    • •Longitudinal waves61
    • •Transverse waves62
    • •Graphs of travelling and stationary waves63
    • •Core Practical 6: Speed of sound using an oscilloscope64
    • •Wavefronts, coherence, superposition and interference65
    • •Phase difference and path difference66
    • •Stationary waves, nodes and antinodes67
    • •Speed of transverse waves on a string68
    • •Core Practical 7: Factors affecting vibrating-string frequency69
    • •Intensity, power and area70
    • •Refraction and refractive index71
    • •Calculating the critical angle72
    • •Predicting total internal reflection73
    • •Measuring the refractive index of a solid74
    • •Focal length of converging and diverging lenses75
    • •Lens ray diagrams and image positions76
    • •Lens power77
    • •Combined power of thin lenses78
    • •Real and virtual images79
    • •The thin-lens equation and sign convention80
    • •Magnification81
    • •Plane polarisation82
    • •Diffraction and Huygens' construction83
    • •The diffraction grating equation84
    • •Core Practical 8: Wavelength of light using a diffraction grating85
    • •Electron diffraction and wave behaviour86
    • •The de Broglie equation87
    • •Transmission and reflection at boundaries88
    • •Pulse-echo techniques and resolution limits89
    • •Wave and photon models of electromagnetic radiation90
    • •Photon energy and frequency91
    • •Photon absorption and photoelectron emission92
    • •Work function, threshold frequency and the photoelectric equation93
    • •The electronvolt94
    • •Photoelectric evidence for the particle nature of light95
    • •Atomic line spectra and discrete energy transitions96
    • •Impulse and change in momentum97
    • •Core Practical 9: Force and change of momentum98
    • •Conservation of momentum in two dimensions99
    • •Core Practical 10: Analysing collisions using ICT100
    • •Elastic and inelastic collisions101
    • •Kinetic energy in terms of momentum102
    • •Radians and angular displacement103
    • •Angular velocity, speed and period104
    • •Deriving and using centripetal acceleration105
    • •The need for centripetal force106
    • •Centripetal force calculations107
    • •The meaning of an electric field108
    • •Electric field strength as force per charge109
    • •Coulomb's law110
    • •Electric field strength due to a point charge111
    • •Electric field and electric potential112
    • •Uniform electric fields between parallel plates113
    • •Electric potential in a radial field114
    • •Electric field lines and equipotentials115
    • •Capacitance116
    • •Energy stored by capacitors117
    • •Capacitor charge and discharge curves and time constants118
    • •Core Practical 11: Capacitor charging and discharging119
    • •Exponential capacitor discharge equations120
    • •Magnetic flux density, flux and flux linkage121
    • •Magnetic force on moving charges122
    • •Magnetic force on current-carrying conductors123
    • •Electromagnetic induction from relative motion124
    • •Electromagnetic induction from changing coil currents125
    • •Lenz's law and energy conservation126
    • •Faraday's law and induced electromotive force127
    • •Alternating current: frequency, period, peak and rms values128
    • •Converting between peak and rms values129
    • •Nucleon number and proton number130
    • •Alpha scattering and the nuclear model131
    • •Thermionic emission and electron acceleration132
    • •Particle accelerators and detectors133
    • •Charged-particle trajectories in magnetic fields134
    • •Conservation laws and interpreting particle tracks135
    • •High-energy probes of nucleon structure136
    • •Mass-energy conversion in particle creation and annihilation137
    • •Particle energy and mass units138
    • •Relativistic increases in particle lifetime139
    • •The quark-lepton model and particle classification140
    • •Particles and antiparticles141
    • •Charge, baryon-number and lepton-number conservation142
    • •Writing and interpreting particle equations143
    • •Specific heat capacity and specific latent heat144
    • •Core Practical 12: Calibrating a thermistor as a thermostat145
    • •Core Practical 13: Specific latent heat of a phase change146
    • •Internal energy147
    • •Absolute zero and molecular kinetic energy148
    • •Deriving the kinetic theory pressure equation149
    • •The ideal gas equation150
    • •Core Practical 14: Pressure-volume relationship at constant temperature151
    • •Mean molecular kinetic energy and absolute temperature152
    • •Black-body radiation curves153
    • •The Stefan–Boltzmann law154
    • •Wien's displacement law155
    • •Intensity, luminosity and distance156
    • •Astronomical distances using trigonometric parallax157
    • •Astronomical distances using standard candles158
    • •The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram159
    • •Stellar life cycles and the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram160
    • •The Doppler effect161
    • •Redshift and Hubble's law162
    • •The age and fate of the universe and dark matter163
    • •Nuclear binding energy and mass deficit164
    • •The atomic mass unit165
    • •Fission, fusion and binding energy per nucleon166
    • •Conditions for nuclear fusion167
    • •Background radiation corrections168
    • •Properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation169
    • •Writing and interpreting nuclear equations170
    • •Core Practical 15: Absorption of gamma radiation by lead171
    • •Spontaneous and random nuclear decay172
    • •Half-life, activity and exponential decay equations173
    • •The meaning of a gravitational field174
    • •Gravitational field strength as force per mass175
    • •Newton's law of universal gravitation176
    • •Gravitational field strength due to a point mass177
    • •Gravitational potential in a radial field178
    • •Comparing electric and gravitational fields179
    • •Orbital motion and universal gravitation180
    • •Conditions for simple harmonic motion181
    • •Simple harmonic motion equations182
    • •Periods of mass-spring systems and simple pendulums183
    • •Displacement-time graphs of oscillations184
    • •Velocity-time graphs of oscillations185
    • •The meaning of resonance186
    • •Core Practical 16: Unknown mass from resonant frequencies187
    • •Energy conservation in damped and undamped oscillations188
    • •Free and forced oscillations189
    • •Forced oscillation amplitude, resonance and damping190
    • •Reducing oscillation amplitude through damping and plastic deformation191

Syllabus

Edexcel A-level Physics — 9PH0

    • •Base and derived quantities and SI units1
    • •Practical skills and experimental techniques2
    • •Estimating physical quantities3
    • •Limitations of physical measurement4
    • •Communicating scientific information5
    • •Applications, benefits and risks of science6
    • •Scientific validation and integrity7
    • •Science in societal decision making8
    • •Equations of uniformly accelerated motion9
    • •Displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time graphs10
    • •Slopes and areas of motion graphs11
    • •Scalars and vectors12
    • •Resolving vectors into perpendicular components13
    • •Resultants of coplanar vectors14
    • •Independent components of projectile motion15
    • •Free-body force diagrams16
    • •Newton's first and second laws and terminal velocity17
    • •Gravitational field strength and weight18
    • •Core Practical 1: Acceleration of a freely falling object19
    • •Newton's third law and interaction pairs20
    • •Linear momentum21
    • •Conservation of linear momentum in one dimension22
    • •Moments of forces23
    • •Centre of gravity and equilibrium24
    • •Work done by a force25
    • •Kinetic energy26
    • •Gravitational potential energy near Earth's surface27
    • •Conservation of mechanical energy28
    • •Power, energy and work29
    • •Energy and power efficiency30
    • •Electric current as rate of charge flow31
    • •Potential difference and energy transferred per charge32
    • •Resistance and Ohm's law33
    • •Charge conservation and circuit currents34
    • •Energy conservation and circuit potential differences35
    • •Resistors in series and parallel36
    • •Electrical power and energy equations37
    • •Current-potential difference characteristics38
    • •Resistivity, length and cross-sectional area39
    • •Core Practical 2: Electrical resistivity of a material40
    • •Charge-carrier drift and material resistivity41
    • •Potential variation along a uniform wire42
    • •Potential divider principles and calculations43
    • •Potential dividers with thermistors and LDRs44
    • •Electromotive force, terminal potential difference and internal resistance45
    • •Core Practical 3: Electromotive force and internal resistance of a cell46
    • •Temperature dependence of resistance47
    • •Illumination and resistance in LDRs48
    • •Density49
    • •Upthrust and displaced fluid50
    • •Stokes' law, viscous drag and viscosity51
    • •Core Practical 4: Viscosity using a falling-ball method52
    • •Hooke's law and stiffness53
    • •Stress, strain and the Young modulus54
    • •Force-extension graphs and elastic and plastic behaviour55
    • •Stress-strain graphs and breaking stress56
    • •Core Practical 5: Young modulus of a material57
    • •Elastic strain energy and force-extension graphs58
    • •Amplitude, frequency, period, speed and wavelength59
    • •The wave equation60
    • •Longitudinal waves61
    • •Transverse waves62
    • •Graphs of travelling and stationary waves63
    • •Core Practical 6: Speed of sound using an oscilloscope64
    • •Wavefronts, coherence, superposition and interference65
    • •Phase difference and path difference66
    • •Stationary waves, nodes and antinodes67
    • •Speed of transverse waves on a string68
    • •Core Practical 7: Factors affecting vibrating-string frequency69
    • •Intensity, power and area70
    • •Refraction and refractive index71
    • •Calculating the critical angle72
    • •Predicting total internal reflection73
    • •Measuring the refractive index of a solid74
    • •Focal length of converging and diverging lenses75
    • •Lens ray diagrams and image positions76
    • •Lens power77
    • •Combined power of thin lenses78
    • •Real and virtual images79
    • •The thin-lens equation and sign convention80
    • •Magnification81
    • •Plane polarisation82
    • •Diffraction and Huygens' construction83
    • •The diffraction grating equation84
    • •Core Practical 8: Wavelength of light using a diffraction grating85
    • •Electron diffraction and wave behaviour86
    • •The de Broglie equation87
    • •Transmission and reflection at boundaries88
    • •Pulse-echo techniques and resolution limits89
    • •Wave and photon models of electromagnetic radiation90
    • •Photon energy and frequency91
    • •Photon absorption and photoelectron emission92
    • •Work function, threshold frequency and the photoelectric equation93
    • •The electronvolt94
    • •Photoelectric evidence for the particle nature of light95
    • •Atomic line spectra and discrete energy transitions96
    • •Impulse and change in momentum97
    • •Core Practical 9: Force and change of momentum98
    • •Conservation of momentum in two dimensions99
    • •Core Practical 10: Analysing collisions using ICT100
    • •Elastic and inelastic collisions101
    • •Kinetic energy in terms of momentum102
    • •Radians and angular displacement103
    • •Angular velocity, speed and period104
    • •Deriving and using centripetal acceleration105
    • •The need for centripetal force106
    • •Centripetal force calculations107
    • •The meaning of an electric field108
    • •Electric field strength as force per charge109
    • •Coulomb's law110
    • •Electric field strength due to a point charge111
    • •Electric field and electric potential112
    • •Uniform electric fields between parallel plates113
    • •Electric potential in a radial field114
    • •Electric field lines and equipotentials115
    • •Capacitance116
    • •Energy stored by capacitors117
    • •Capacitor charge and discharge curves and time constants118
    • •Core Practical 11: Capacitor charging and discharging119
    • •Exponential capacitor discharge equations120
    • •Magnetic flux density, flux and flux linkage121
    • •Magnetic force on moving charges122
    • •Magnetic force on current-carrying conductors123
    • •Electromagnetic induction from relative motion124
    • •Electromagnetic induction from changing coil currents125
    • •Lenz's law and energy conservation126
    • •Faraday's law and induced electromotive force127
    • •Alternating current: frequency, period, peak and rms values128
    • •Converting between peak and rms values129
    • •Nucleon number and proton number130
    • •Alpha scattering and the nuclear model131
    • •Thermionic emission and electron acceleration132
    • •Particle accelerators and detectors133
    • •Charged-particle trajectories in magnetic fields134
    • •Conservation laws and interpreting particle tracks135
    • •High-energy probes of nucleon structure136
    • •Mass-energy conversion in particle creation and annihilation137
    • •Particle energy and mass units138
    • •Relativistic increases in particle lifetime139
    • •The quark-lepton model and particle classification140
    • •Particles and antiparticles141
    • •Charge, baryon-number and lepton-number conservation142
    • •Writing and interpreting particle equations143
    • •Specific heat capacity and specific latent heat144
    • •Core Practical 12: Calibrating a thermistor as a thermostat145
    • •Core Practical 13: Specific latent heat of a phase change146
    • •Internal energy147
    • •Absolute zero and molecular kinetic energy148
    • •Deriving the kinetic theory pressure equation149
    • •The ideal gas equation150
    • •Core Practical 14: Pressure-volume relationship at constant temperature151
    • •Mean molecular kinetic energy and absolute temperature152
    • •Black-body radiation curves153
    • •The Stefan–Boltzmann law154
    • •Wien's displacement law155
    • •Intensity, luminosity and distance156
    • •Astronomical distances using trigonometric parallax157
    • •Astronomical distances using standard candles158
    • •The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram159
    • •Stellar life cycles and the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram160
    • •The Doppler effect161
    • •Redshift and Hubble's law162
    • •The age and fate of the universe and dark matter163
    • •Nuclear binding energy and mass deficit164
    • •The atomic mass unit165
    • •Fission, fusion and binding energy per nucleon166
    • •Conditions for nuclear fusion167
    • •Background radiation corrections168
    • •Properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation169
    • •Writing and interpreting nuclear equations170
    • •Core Practical 15: Absorption of gamma radiation by lead171
    • •Spontaneous and random nuclear decay172
    • •Half-life, activity and exponential decay equations173
    • •The meaning of a gravitational field174
    • •Gravitational field strength as force per mass175
    • •Newton's law of universal gravitation176
    • •Gravitational field strength due to a point mass177
    • •Gravitational potential in a radial field178
    • •Comparing electric and gravitational fields179
    • •Orbital motion and universal gravitation180
    • •Conditions for simple harmonic motion181
    • •Simple harmonic motion equations182
    • •Periods of mass-spring systems and simple pendulums183
    • •Displacement-time graphs of oscillations184
    • •Velocity-time graphs of oscillations185
    • •The meaning of resonance186
    • •Core Practical 16: Unknown mass from resonant frequencies187
    • •Energy conservation in damped and undamped oscillations188
    • •Free and forced oscillations189
    • •Forced oscillation amplitude, resonance and damping190
    • •Reducing oscillation amplitude through damping and plastic deformation191

Alpha scattering and the nuclear model

Edexcel·Physics·131

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