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Notes/IGCSE/Physics/Edexcel/Linear

Syllabus

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Physics (Linear) — 4PH1

      • •Units for forces and motion1.1
      • •Units for moments and momentum1.2P
      • •Distance-time graphs1.3
      • •Average speed calculations1.4
      • •Practical: investigating motion1.5
      • •Acceleration calculations1.6
      • •Velocity-time graphs1.7
      • •Acceleration from velocity-time graphs1.8
      • •Distance from velocity-time graphs1.9
      • •The speed, acceleration and distance equation1.10
      • •Effects of forces1.11
      • •Types of force1.12
      • •Vectors and scalars1.13
      • •Force as a vector1.14
      • •Resultant forces1.15
      • •Friction1.16
      • •Force, mass and acceleration1.17
      • •Weight and gravitational field strength1.18
      • •Thinking, braking and stopping distances1.19
      • •Factors affecting stopping distance1.20
      • •Falling objects and terminal velocity1.21
      • •Practical: force and extension1.22
      • •Hooke's law1.23
      • •Elastic behaviour1.24
      • •Momentum calculations1.25P
      • •Momentum and safety features1.26P
      • •Conservation of momentum1.27P
      • •Force and change in momentum1.28P
      • •Newton's third law1.29P
      • •Moments of forces1.30P
      • •Centre of gravity1.31P
      • •The principle of moments1.32P
      • •Forces on a supported beam1.33P
      • •Units for electricity2.1
      • •Electrical safety2.2
      • •Heating effects of electric current2.3
      • •Electrical power and fuse selection2.4
      • •Electrical energy, current, voltage and time2.5
      • •Alternating and direct current2.6
      • •Applications of series and parallel circuits2.7
      • •Current in series circuits2.8
      • •Current-voltage characteristics2.9
      • •Resistance and current2.10
      • •LDRs and thermistors2.11
      • •Lamps and LEDs as current indicators2.12
      • •Voltage, current and resistance2.13
      • •Current as the rate of flow of charge2.14
      • •Charge, current and time2.15
      • •Electron flow in metals2.16
      • •Conservation of current at junctions2.17
      • •Voltage across parallel components2.18
      • •Calculations for series resistors2.19
      • •Voltage as energy transferred per unit charge2.20
      • •Energy, charge and voltage2.21
      • •Electrical conductors and insulators2.22P
      • •Practical: charging by friction2.23P
      • •Charging by electron transfer2.24P
      • •Attraction and repulsion of charges2.25P
      • •Explaining electrostatic phenomena2.26P
      • •Dangers of electrostatic charge2.27P
      • •Uses of electrostatic charge2.28P
      • •Units for waves3.1
      • •Longitudinal and transverse waves3.2
      • •Wave terminology3.3
      • •Energy and information transfer by waves3.4
      • •Wave speed, frequency and wavelength3.5
      • •Frequency and time period3.6
      • •Applying wave equations3.7
      • •The Doppler effect3.8
      • •Reflection and refraction of waves3.9
      • •The electromagnetic spectrum3.10
      • •Order of the electromagnetic spectrum3.11
      • •Uses of electromagnetic radiation3.12
      • •Dangers of electromagnetic radiation3.13
      • •Light as a transverse wave3.14
      • •The law of reflection3.15
      • •Reflection and refraction ray diagrams3.16
      • •Practical: refraction of light3.17
      • •Refractive index calculations3.18
      • •Practical: refractive index of glass3.19
      • •Total internal reflection3.20
      • •Critical angle3.21
      • •Critical angle and refractive index3.22
      • •Sound as a longitudinal wave3.23
      • •The human hearing range3.24P
      • •Practical: speed of sound in air3.25P
      • •Displaying sound waves on an oscilloscope3.26P
      • •Practical: measuring sound frequency3.27P
      • •Pitch and frequency3.28P
      • •Loudness and amplitude3.29P
      • •Units for energy and power4.1
      • •Energy stores and transfers4.2
      • •Conservation of energy4.3
      • •Efficiency calculations4.4
      • •Energy transfers and Sankey diagrams4.5
      • •Conduction, convection and radiation4.6
      • •Convection in everyday situations4.7
      • •Emission and absorption of radiation4.8
      • •Practical: thermal energy transfer4.9
      • •Reducing unwanted energy transfers4.10
      • •Work, force and distance4.11
      • •Work done and energy transferred4.12
      • •Gravitational potential energy4.13
      • •Kinetic energy4.14
      • •Conservation of mechanical energy4.15
      • •Power as the rate of energy transfer4.16
      • •Power, work and time calculations4.17
      • •Energy transfers in electricity generation4.18P
      • •Comparing electricity generation methods4.19P
      • •Units for solids, liquids and gases5.1
      • •Units for specific heat capacity5.2P
      • •Density, mass and volume5.3
      • •Practical: measuring density5.4
      • •Pressure, force and area5.5
      • •Pressure in fluids at rest5.6
      • •Pressure difference in a fluid5.7
      • •Heating and energy changes5.8P
      • •Melting, evaporation and boiling5.9P
      • •Particle arrangement and motion5.10P
      • •Practical: temperature during a change of state5.11P
      • •Specific heat capacity5.12P
      • •Thermal energy change calculations5.13P
      • •Practical: specific heat capacity5.14P
      • •Gas particles and pressure5.15
      • •Absolute zero5.16
      • •The Kelvin temperature scale5.17
      • •Temperature and molecular speed5.18
      • •Temperature and molecular kinetic energy5.19
      • •Gas pressure, volume and temperature relationships5.20
      • •Pressure-temperature calculations5.21
      • •Pressure-volume calculations5.22
      • •Units for magnetism and electromagnetism6.1
      • •Magnetic attraction and repulsion6.2
      • •Magnetically hard and soft materials6.3
      • •Magnetic field lines6.4
      • •Induced magnetism6.5
      • •Practical: magnetic field patterns6.6
      • •Producing a uniform magnetic field6.7
      • •Magnetic fields around current-carrying conductors6.8
      • •Construction of electromagnets6.9P
      • •Fields of wires, coils and solenoids6.10P
      • •Forces on moving charged particles6.11P
      • •The motor effect and its applications6.12
      • •The left-hand rule6.13
      • •Factors affecting the motor effect6.14
      • •Induced voltage6.15
      • •Generators6.16
      • •Transformer structure and operation6.17P
      • •Transformers in electricity transmission6.18P
      • •Transformer voltage and turns ratio6.19P
      • •Power in an ideal transformer6.20P
      • •Units for radioactivity7.1
      • •Atomic structure and nuclear notation7.2
      • •Atomic number, mass number and isotopes7.3
      • •Random radioactive emissions7.4
      • •Properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation7.5
      • •Practical: penetration of ionising radiation7.6
      • •Effects of radioactive emissions on nuclei7.7
      • •Balancing nuclear equations7.8
      • •Detecting ionising radiation7.9
      • •Background radiation7.10
      • •Activity and radioactive decay7.11
      • •Half-life7.12
      • •Half-life calculations and graphs7.13
      • •Uses of radioactivity7.14
      • •Contamination and irradiation7.15
      • •Radiation hazards and precautions7.16
      • •Energy from nuclear reactions7.17
      • •Fission of uranium-2357.18
      • •Products of nuclear fission7.19
      • •Nuclear chain reactions7.20
      • •Control rods and moderators7.21
      • •Nuclear reactor shielding7.22
      • •Comparing fusion and fission7.23
      • •Nuclear fusion and mass loss7.24
      • •Fusion in stars7.25
      • •Conditions required for nuclear fusion7.26
      • •Units for astrophysics8.1
      • •The universe, galaxies and the solar system8.2
      • •Variations in gravitational field strength8.3
      • •Gravity and orbital motion8.4
      • •Orbits of comets, moons and planets8.5
      • •Orbital speed calculations8.6
      • •Classifying stars by colour8.7
      • •Star colour and surface temperature8.8
      • •Evolution of Sun-like stars8.9
      • •Evolution of massive stars8.10
      • •Absolute magnitude8.11P
      • •The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram8.12P
      • •Evolution of the universe and the Big Bang8.13P
      • •Evidence for the Big Bang8.14P
      • •Relative motion and observed waves8.15P
      • •Red-shift calculations8.16P
      • •Red-shift and galaxy distance8.17P
      • •Evidence for an expanding universe8.18P

Syllabus

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Physics (Linear) — 4PH1

      • •Units for forces and motion1.1
      • •Units for moments and momentum1.2P
      • •Distance-time graphs1.3
      • •Average speed calculations1.4
      • •Practical: investigating motion1.5
      • •Acceleration calculations1.6
      • •Velocity-time graphs1.7
      • •Acceleration from velocity-time graphs1.8
      • •Distance from velocity-time graphs1.9
      • •The speed, acceleration and distance equation1.10
      • •Effects of forces1.11
      • •Types of force1.12
      • •Vectors and scalars1.13
      • •Force as a vector1.14
      • •Resultant forces1.15
      • •Friction1.16
      • •Force, mass and acceleration1.17
      • •Weight and gravitational field strength1.18
      • •Thinking, braking and stopping distances1.19
      • •Factors affecting stopping distance1.20
      • •Falling objects and terminal velocity1.21
      • •Practical: force and extension1.22
      • •Hooke's law1.23
      • •Elastic behaviour1.24
      • •Momentum calculations1.25P
      • •Momentum and safety features1.26P
      • •Conservation of momentum1.27P
      • •Force and change in momentum1.28P
      • •Newton's third law1.29P
      • •Moments of forces1.30P
      • •Centre of gravity1.31P
      • •The principle of moments1.32P
      • •Forces on a supported beam1.33P
      • •Units for electricity2.1
      • •Electrical safety2.2
      • •Heating effects of electric current2.3
      • •Electrical power and fuse selection2.4
      • •Electrical energy, current, voltage and time2.5
      • •Alternating and direct current2.6
      • •Applications of series and parallel circuits2.7
      • •Current in series circuits2.8
      • •Current-voltage characteristics2.9
      • •Resistance and current2.10
      • •LDRs and thermistors2.11
      • •Lamps and LEDs as current indicators2.12
      • •Voltage, current and resistance2.13
      • •Current as the rate of flow of charge2.14
      • •Charge, current and time2.15
      • •Electron flow in metals2.16
      • •Conservation of current at junctions2.17
      • •Voltage across parallel components2.18
      • •Calculations for series resistors2.19
      • •Voltage as energy transferred per unit charge2.20
      • •Energy, charge and voltage2.21
      • •Electrical conductors and insulators2.22P
      • •Practical: charging by friction2.23P
      • •Charging by electron transfer2.24P
      • •Attraction and repulsion of charges2.25P
      • •Explaining electrostatic phenomena2.26P
      • •Dangers of electrostatic charge2.27P
      • •Uses of electrostatic charge2.28P
      • •Units for waves3.1
      • •Longitudinal and transverse waves3.2
      • •Wave terminology3.3
      • •Energy and information transfer by waves3.4
      • •Wave speed, frequency and wavelength3.5
      • •Frequency and time period3.6
      • •Applying wave equations3.7
      • •The Doppler effect3.8
      • •Reflection and refraction of waves3.9
      • •The electromagnetic spectrum3.10
      • •Order of the electromagnetic spectrum3.11
      • •Uses of electromagnetic radiation3.12
      • •Dangers of electromagnetic radiation3.13
      • •Light as a transverse wave3.14
      • •The law of reflection3.15
      • •Reflection and refraction ray diagrams3.16
      • •Practical: refraction of light3.17
      • •Refractive index calculations3.18
      • •Practical: refractive index of glass3.19
      • •Total internal reflection3.20
      • •Critical angle3.21
      • •Critical angle and refractive index3.22
      • •Sound as a longitudinal wave3.23
      • •The human hearing range3.24P
      • •Practical: speed of sound in air3.25P
      • •Displaying sound waves on an oscilloscope3.26P
      • •Practical: measuring sound frequency3.27P
      • •Pitch and frequency3.28P
      • •Loudness and amplitude3.29P
      • •Units for energy and power4.1
      • •Energy stores and transfers4.2
      • •Conservation of energy4.3
      • •Efficiency calculations4.4
      • •Energy transfers and Sankey diagrams4.5
      • •Conduction, convection and radiation4.6
      • •Convection in everyday situations4.7
      • •Emission and absorption of radiation4.8
      • •Practical: thermal energy transfer4.9
      • •Reducing unwanted energy transfers4.10
      • •Work, force and distance4.11
      • •Work done and energy transferred4.12
      • •Gravitational potential energy4.13
      • •Kinetic energy4.14
      • •Conservation of mechanical energy4.15
      • •Power as the rate of energy transfer4.16
      • •Power, work and time calculations4.17
      • •Energy transfers in electricity generation4.18P
      • •Comparing electricity generation methods4.19P
      • •Units for solids, liquids and gases5.1
      • •Units for specific heat capacity5.2P
      • •Density, mass and volume5.3
      • •Practical: measuring density5.4
      • •Pressure, force and area5.5
      • •Pressure in fluids at rest5.6
      • •Pressure difference in a fluid5.7
      • •Heating and energy changes5.8P
      • •Melting, evaporation and boiling5.9P
      • •Particle arrangement and motion5.10P
      • •Practical: temperature during a change of state5.11P
      • •Specific heat capacity5.12P
      • •Thermal energy change calculations5.13P
      • •Practical: specific heat capacity5.14P
      • •Gas particles and pressure5.15
      • •Absolute zero5.16
      • •The Kelvin temperature scale5.17
      • •Temperature and molecular speed5.18
      • •Temperature and molecular kinetic energy5.19
      • •Gas pressure, volume and temperature relationships5.20
      • •Pressure-temperature calculations5.21
      • •Pressure-volume calculations5.22
      • •Units for magnetism and electromagnetism6.1
      • •Magnetic attraction and repulsion6.2
      • •Magnetically hard and soft materials6.3
      • •Magnetic field lines6.4
      • •Induced magnetism6.5
      • •Practical: magnetic field patterns6.6
      • •Producing a uniform magnetic field6.7
      • •Magnetic fields around current-carrying conductors6.8
      • •Construction of electromagnets6.9P
      • •Fields of wires, coils and solenoids6.10P
      • •Forces on moving charged particles6.11P
      • •The motor effect and its applications6.12
      • •The left-hand rule6.13
      • •Factors affecting the motor effect6.14
      • •Induced voltage6.15
      • •Generators6.16
      • •Transformer structure and operation6.17P
      • •Transformers in electricity transmission6.18P
      • •Transformer voltage and turns ratio6.19P
      • •Power in an ideal transformer6.20P
      • •Units for radioactivity7.1
      • •Atomic structure and nuclear notation7.2
      • •Atomic number, mass number and isotopes7.3
      • •Random radioactive emissions7.4
      • •Properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation7.5
      • •Practical: penetration of ionising radiation7.6
      • •Effects of radioactive emissions on nuclei7.7
      • •Balancing nuclear equations7.8
      • •Detecting ionising radiation7.9
      • •Background radiation7.10
      • •Activity and radioactive decay7.11
      • •Half-life7.12
      • •Half-life calculations and graphs7.13
      • •Uses of radioactivity7.14
      • •Contamination and irradiation7.15
      • •Radiation hazards and precautions7.16
      • •Energy from nuclear reactions7.17
      • •Fission of uranium-2357.18
      • •Products of nuclear fission7.19
      • •Nuclear chain reactions7.20
      • •Control rods and moderators7.21
      • •Nuclear reactor shielding7.22
      • •Comparing fusion and fission7.23
      • •Nuclear fusion and mass loss7.24
      • •Fusion in stars7.25
      • •Conditions required for nuclear fusion7.26
      • •Units for astrophysics8.1
      • •The universe, galaxies and the solar system8.2
      • •Variations in gravitational field strength8.3
      • •Gravity and orbital motion8.4
      • •Orbits of comets, moons and planets8.5
      • •Orbital speed calculations8.6
      • •Classifying stars by colour8.7
      • •Star colour and surface temperature8.8
      • •Evolution of Sun-like stars8.9
      • •Evolution of massive stars8.10
      • •Absolute magnitude8.11P
      • •The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram8.12P
      • •Evolution of the universe and the Big Bang8.13P
      • •Evidence for the Big Bang8.14P
      • •Relative motion and observed waves8.15P
      • •Red-shift calculations8.16P
      • •Red-shift and galaxy distance8.17P
      • •Evidence for an expanding universe8.18P

Half-life calculations and graphs

Edexcel·Physics·7.13·Linear

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