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Edexcel A-level Chemistry — 9CH0 | KnowledgeSet

Subjects
A-Level
Chemistry
Edexcel
Edexcel A-level Chemistry — 9CH0

A-LevelEdexcel9CH0

Edexcel A-level Chemistry — 9CH0

Follow the full **9CH0 A-level** syllabus across physical, inorganic and organic chemistry, with practical methods, quantitative work, synthesis and analysis.

1.1Atomic particles and structure

1.2Relative masses and charges of subatomic particles

1.3Atomic number and mass number

1.4Counting subatomic particles in atoms, molecules and ions

1.6Relative isotopic mass and relative atomic mass

1.7Relative molecular mass and relative formula mass

1.8Isotopic abundances and relative atomic mass from mass spectra

1.9Mass spectra of diatomic molecules

1.10Molecular mass from the molecular ion peak

1.11First and successive ionisation energies

1.12Factors affecting ionisation energy

1.13Ionisation energy trends across a period

1.14Ionisation energy trends down a group

1.15Spectroscopic evidence for shells and subshells

1.16Electron capacities of the first four shells

1.17Orbitals and electron spin

1.18Shapes of s and p orbitals

1.19Electron capacities of s, p and d subshells

1.20Subshell filling and electron pairing

1.21Electronic configurations of atoms and ions

1.22The s, p and d blocks

1.23Electronic configuration and chemical properties

1.24The meaning of periodicity

1.25Period 2 and 3 property trends

1.26Using data to illustrate periodicity

2A Bonding

2.1The nature of ionic bonding

2.2Ionic radius, charge and bond strength

2.3Ion formation by electron loss and gain

2.4Dot-and-cross diagrams of ions

3.1The meaning of oxidation number

3.2Calculating oxidation numbers

3.3Electron transfer and changes in oxidation number

3.4Oxidation as electron loss and reduction as electron gain

4A The elements of Groups 1 and 2

4.1Group 2 ionisation energy trends

4.2Group 2 reactivity trends

4.3Reactions of Group 2 elements with oxygen, chlorine and water

5.1The mole as the unit of amount of substance

5.2Calculations using the Avogadro constant

5.4Empirical and molecular formulae

6A Introduction to organic chemistry

6.1Hydrocarbons

6.2Representing organic molecules using formulae

6.3Homologous series and functional groups

6.4IUPAC nomenclature

7A Mass spectrometry

7.1Interpreting molecular ions and fragmentation patterns

7B Infrared (IR) spectroscopy

7.2Identifying functional groups using infrared spectroscopy

8.1Standard conditions

8.2Enthalpy change at constant pressure

8.3Enthalpy level diagrams

8.4Standard enthalpies of reaction, formation, combustion and neutralisation

9.1Collision theory and factors affecting reaction rate

9.2Activation energy and successful collisions

9.3Calculating reaction rates from times and graphs

9.4Temperature and the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution

10.1Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium

10.2Effects of temperature, concentration and pressure on equilibrium

10.3Industrial compromises between yield and reaction rate

11.1Writing Kp expressions

11.2Calculating Kc and Kp from experimental data

11.3Temperature changes and equilibrium constants

11.4Equilibrium position and temperature-dependent constants

12.1Brønsted–Lowry acids and bases

12.2Acid-base reactions as proton transfer

12.3Conjugate acid-base pairs

12.4The definition of pH

13A Lattice energy

13.1The definition of lattice energy

13.2Enthalpy of atomisation and electron affinity

13.3Born–Haber cycles and calculations

14.1Electron transfer in s-, p- and d-block redox reactions

14.2Oxidation-number changes in s-, p- and d-block reactions

14.3The meaning of standard electrode potential

15A Principles of transition metal chemistry

15.1Electronic configurations of Period 4 d-block atoms and ions

15.2The definition of a transition metal

15.3Variable oxidation states in transition metals

16.1Key terms in reaction kinetics and catalysis

16.2Determining and using rate equations

16.3Selecting experimental techniques for rate measurements

16.4Initial-rate and continuous-monitoring experiments

17A Chirality

17.1Chirality and optical isomerism

17.2Asymmetric carbon atoms and non-superimposable mirror images

17.3Optical activity and plane-polarised light

18A Arenes - benzene

18.1Kekulé and delocalised models of benzene

18.2Evidence for delocalised bonding in benzene

18.3Resistance of benzene to bromination

19A Mass Spectrometry

19.1Accurate mass spectrometry and molecular identification

19B Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

19.2Carbon-13 NMR and carbon environments

19.3Interpreting carbon-13 NMR spectra

2.5Trends in ionic radii

2.6Experimental evidence for ions

2.7The nature of covalent bonding

2.8Dot-and-cross diagrams of covalent and coordinate bonds

2.9Covalent bond lengths and strengths

2.10Electron-pair repulsion and molecular shape

2.11Shapes and bond angles with up to six electron pairs

2.12Predicting unfamiliar molecular shapes and bond angles

2.13Electronegativity

2.14The bonding continuum and bond polarity

2.15Predicting molecular polarity

2.16Types of intermolecular forces

2.17Hydrogen bonding in water, ammonia and hydrogen fluoride

2.18Hydrogen bonding and anomalous properties of water

2.19Predicting hydrogen bonding

2.20Intermolecular forces and boiling temperature trends

2.21Choosing solvents using intermolecular forces

2.22The nature of metallic bonding

2B Structure

2.23Giant ionic, covalent and metallic lattices

2.24Simple molecular structures

2.25Diamond, graphite and graphene

2.26Deducing structure and bonding from data

2.27Predicting physical properties from structure and bonding

3.5Oxidising agents as electron acceptors

3.6Reducing agents as electron donors

3.7Disproportionation

3.8Classifying redox and disproportionation reactions

3.9Roman numerals for oxidation states

3.10Writing formulae from oxidation numbers

3.11Metals, positive ions and oxidation

3.12Non-metals, negative ions and reduction

3.13Ionic half-equations and full ionic equations

4.4

Reactions of Group 2 oxides and hydroxides

4.5Solubility trends of Group 2 hydroxides and sulfates

4.6Thermal stability of Group 1 and 2 nitrates and carbonates

4.7Flame colours and electron transitions

4.8Investigating thermal decomposition and flame colours

4B The elements of Group 7 (halogens)

4.9Physical property and electronegativity trends in Group 7

4.10Group 7 reactivity trends

4.11Halogen displacement reactions

4.12Oxidation and disproportionation reactions of halogens

4.13Reactions and tests involving halides and hydrogen halides

4.14Predicting fluorine and astatine chemistry

4C Analysis of inorganic compounds

4.15Tests for inorganic ions

5.5Determining formulae from experimental data and gas measurements

5.6Balanced full and ionic equations with state symbols

5.7Amount calculations using mass, gas volume and solution concentration

5.8Reacting mass calculations

5.9Reacting gas volumes and amounts of substance

5.10Reacting gas volumes using molar volume

5.11Solution concentrations and acid-base titrations

5.12Measurement errors, uncertainties and sources of error

5.13Minimising percentage error and uncertainty

5.14Percentage yield and atom economy

5.15Relating equations to test-tube observations

5.16Practical hazards, risks and precautions

6.5Classifying organic reactions

6.6Structural isomerism

6.7Stereoisomerism and E/Z isomers

6B Alkanes

6.8The general formula of alkanes

6.9Saturated alkanes and cycloalkanes

6.10Fractional distillation, cracking and reforming

6.11Pollutants from alkane combustion

6.12Health and environmental effects of combustion pollutants

6.13Catalytic converters and pollution control

6.14Renewable alternative fuels

6.15Radicals and homolytic bond fission

6.16Alkane combustion and radical substitution mechanisms

6.17Limitations of radical substitution in synthesis

6C Alkenes

6.18The general formula of alkenes

6.19Unsaturated alkenes and cycloalkenes

6.20Sigma and pi bonding in alkenes

6.21Electrophiles

6.22Addition and oxidation reactions of alkenes

6.23Heterolytic bond fission

6.24Electrophilic addition mechanisms and carbocation stability

6.25Testing for a carbon-carbon double bond

6.26Addition polymerisation and repeat units

6.27Separating and processing waste polymers

6.28Sustainable use of polymer materials

6.29Biodegradable polymers and controlling incineration gases

6D Halogenoalkanes

6.30Primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes

6.31Nucleophiles

6.32Substitution and elimination reactions of halogenoalkanes

6.33Comparing halogenoalkane hydrolysis rates experimentally

6.34Reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary halogenoalkanes

6.35Carbon-halogen bond enthalpy and reactivity

6.36Nucleophilic substitution mechanisms of primary halogenoalkanes

6E Alcohols

6.37Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols

6.38Combustion, halogenation, oxidation and dehydration of alcohols

6.39Preparing and purifying liquid organic compounds

8.5Calorimetry experiments, assumptions and errors

8.6Calculating molar enthalpy changes from experimental data

8.7Constructing Hess cycles

8.8Calculating enthalpy changes using Hess's law

8.9Bond enthalpy and mean bond enthalpy

8.10Reaction enthalpies from mean bond enthalpies and their limitations

8.11Determining mean bond enthalpies from reaction enthalpies

9.5Catalysts and alternative reaction pathways

9.6Catalysed and uncatalysed reaction profiles

9.7Catalysts and the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution

9.8Heterogeneous catalysis in industrial gas reactions

9.9Economic benefits of industrial catalysts

Writing Kc expressions

11.5Why concentration, pressure and catalysts do not change equilibrium constants

12.5Calculating pH from hydrogen ion concentration

12.6Calculating hydrogen ion concentration from pH

12.7Strong and weak acids

12.8Calculating the pH of strong acids

12.9The acid dissociation constant Ka

12.10Calculating the pH of weak acids

12.11The ionic product of water Kw

12.12Calculating the pH of strong bases

12.13pKa and pKw

12.14Comparing experimental pH values and dilution effects

12.15Determining Ka from experimental pH and acid mass

12.16Drawing and interpreting acid-base titration curves

12.17Choosing indicators from titration curves

12.18The meaning of a buffer solution

12.19Buffer action

12.20Calculating buffer pH

12.21Preparing buffers of a specified pH

12.22Buffer regions and determining Ka from titration curves

12.23Neutralisation enthalpies of strong and weak acids

12.24Carbonic acid and hydrogencarbonate buffering in blood

Lattice energy and ionic bond strength

13.5Experimental and theoretical lattice energies and covalent character

13.6Polarisation of ions

13.7Factors affecting cation polarising power

13.8Factors affecting anion polarisability

13.9Enthalpies of solution and hydration

13.10Energy cycles involving solution, hydration and lattice energy

13.11Ionic charge and radius effects on lattice and hydration energies

13B Entropy

13.12Why enthalpy alone does not determine feasibility

13.13Entropy, disorder and the direction of change

13.14Entropy changes in physical and chemical processes

13.15System, surroundings and total entropy change

13.16Calculating entropy changes of the system

13.17Calculating entropy changes of the surroundings and total entropy

13.18Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy

13.19Predicting feasibility and feasible temperatures using Gibbs energy

13.20Gibbs energy and equilibrium constants

13.21Why negative Gibbs energy does not guarantee a reaction

13.22Kinetic inhibition of thermodynamically feasible reactions

Standard conditions for electrode potentials

14.5The standard hydrogen electrode and reference potentials

14.6Measuring standard electrode potentials

14.7Calculating standard cell emf

14.8Writing conventional cell diagrams

14.9Conditions and measured electrode potentials

14.10Predicting reaction feasibility using electrode potentials

14.11Cell emf, total entropy change and equilibrium constants

14.12Limitations of electrode-potential predictions

14.13The electrochemical series

14.14Disproportionation and electrode potentials

14.15Electrode potentials and storage cells

14.16Fuel cells and electrical energy

14.17Electrode reactions in hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells

14.18Redox titration calculations

14.19Methods used in redox titrations

15.4

The meaning of a ligand

15.5Coordinate bonding in complex ions

15.6The structure of a complex ion

15.7Coloured transition-metal ions in solution

15.8Ligand-induced d-orbital splitting and colour

15.9Why some metal ions and complexes are colourless

15.10Factors causing colour changes in transition-metal ions

15.11Coordination number

15.12Water, hydroxide and ammonia as monodentate ligands

15.13Octahedral complexes with coordination number six

15.14Tetrahedral complexes with large ligands

15.15Square planar complexes and cis-platin

15.16Cis-platin isomerism and cancer treatment

15.17Bidentate and multidentate ligands

15.18Haemoglobin as an iron(II) complex

15.19Carbon monoxide ligand exchange in haemoglobin

15B Reactions of transition metal elements

15.20Colours of vanadium oxidation states

15.21Vanadium redox reactions and electrode potentials

15.22Redox interconversions of chromium ions

15.23The chromate-dichromate equilibrium

15.24Metal-ion reactions with hydroxide and ammonia

15.25Distinguishing ligand exchange from amphoteric behaviour

15.26Ligand exchange and colour changes in copper and cobalt complexes

15.27Ligand size, charge and coordination-number changes

15.28The chelate effect and entropy

15.29Transition metals as heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts

15.30The action of heterogeneous catalysts

15.31Vanadium(V) oxide catalysis in the contact process

15.32Catalytic converters: adsorption, reaction and desorption

15.33Homogeneous catalysts and intermediates

15.34Iron(II) catalysis of the iodide-peroxodisulfate reaction

15.35Manganese(II) autocatalysis of the manganate(VII)-ethanedioate reaction

16.5First-order reaction rates and half-lives from graphs

16.6Determining reaction orders from graphs

16.7Determining reaction orders from initial-rate data

16.8Iodination of propanone: orders and mechanism

16.9Rate equations and rate-determining steps

16.10Deducing reaction mechanisms from kinetic and stoichiometric data

16.11Rate evidence for SN1 and SN2 hydrolysis mechanisms

16.12Determining activation energy using graphical methods

17.4

Racemic mixtures

17.5Optical evidence for SN1 and SN2 mechanisms

17B Carbonyl compounds

17.6Identifying aldehyde and ketone functional groups

17.7Hydrogen bonding and physical properties of carbonyl compounds

17.8Reactions and tests of aldehydes and ketones

17C Carboxylic acids

17.9Identifying the carboxylic acid functional group

17.10Hydrogen bonding and physical properties of carboxylic acids

17.11Preparing carboxylic acids

17.12Reactions of carboxylic acids

17.13Identifying acyl chloride and ester functional groups

17.14Reactions of acyl chlorides

17.15Acidic and alkaline hydrolysis of esters

17.16Condensation polymerisation to form polyesters

18.4

Combustion and substitution reactions of benzene

18.5Electrophilic substitution mechanisms of benzene

18.6The reaction of phenol with bromine water

18.7Comparing the bromination of phenol and benzene

18B Amines, amides, amino acids and proteins

18.8Identifying amines, amides and amino acids

18.9Reactions of primary aliphatic amines

18.10Comparing the basicity of ammonia and amines

18.11Preparing primary aliphatic amines

18.12Reducing aromatic nitro-compounds to amines

18.13Preparing amides from acyl chlorides

18.14Condensation polymerisation to form polyamides

18.15Repeat units of condensation polymers

18.16Zwitterions, acid-base behaviour and optical activity of amino acids

18.17Peptide bonds, protein hydrolysis and amino acid separation

18C Organic Synthesis

18.18Deducing organic formulae and structures from combined evidence

18.19Planning multistep organic syntheses

18.20Extending carbon chains using Grignard reagents

18.21Selecting practical procedures and controlling risks in synthesis

18.22Preparing and purifying organic compounds

19.4High-resolution proton NMR and hydrogen environments

19.5Interpreting proton NMR shifts, integrals and splitting patterns

19C Chromatography

19.6Mobile and stationary phases in chromatography

19.7Calculating Rf values

19.8HPLC, gas chromatography and coupled mass spectrometry